Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Ordo: Urodela
Subordo: Cryptobranchoidea
Familia: Cryptobranchidae
Genera: Andrias - Cryptobranchus
- Aviturus
- Zaissanurus
Name
Cryptobranchidae Fitzinger, 1826
Type genus: Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821
Synonyms
Cryptobranchoidea Fitzinger, 1826
Cryptobranchi — Wagler, 1828
Menopomatidae Hogg, 1838
Andriadini Bonaparte, 1839
Andriadina Bonaparte, 1840
Protonopsina Bonaparte, 1840
Protonopsidina — Bonaparte, 1840
Salamandropes Fitzinger, 1843
Andriadidae — Bonaparte, 1845
Andriantidae — Bonaparte, 1850
Andriantina — Bonaparte, 1850
Sieboldiidae Bonaparte, 1850
Sieboldinae — Bonaparte, 1850
Protonopseidae — Bonaparte, 1850
Protonopseina — Bonaparte, 1850
Protonopsidae Gray, 1850
Menopomida — Smith, 1877
Menopomidae — Jordan, 1878
Cryptobranchidae — Cope, 1889
Cryptobranchoidea — Dunn, 1922
Cryptobranchinae — Regal, 1966
Cryptobranchoidia — Dubois, 2005
References
Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 42.
Amphibian Species of the World 5.2 Cryptobranchidae access date 28 July 2008
Vernacular names
беларуская: Скрытажабравыя
English: Giant Salamanders
suomi: Jättiläissalamanterit
日本語: オオサンショウウオ科
polski: Skrytoskrzelne
русский: Скрытожаберники
slovenčina: Veľmlokovité
ไทย: ซาลาแมนเดอร์ยักษ์
The Cryptobranchidae are a family of fully aquatic salamanders commonly known as the giant salamanders. They include the largest living amphibians. The family is native to China, Japan, and the eastern United States. They constitute one of two living families within the Cryptobranchoidea, one of two main divisions of living salamanders, the other being the Asiatic salamanders belonging to the family Hynobiidae.
The largest species are in the genus Andrias, native to east Asia. The South China giant salamander (Andrias sligoi), can reach a length of 1.8 m (5.9 ft).[1] The Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) reaches up to 1.44 m (4.7 ft) in length, feeds at night on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity.[2]
The hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) inhabits the eastern United States and is the only member of the genus Cryptobranchus.
Taxonomy
The family name is from the Ancient Greek krypto ("hidden"), and branch ("gill"), which refer to how the members absorb oxygen through capillaries of their side-frills, which function as gills.
Clade Pancryptobrancha (Cryptobranchidae + Ukrainurus)
Genus †Ukrainurus Ukraine, Miocene
†Ukrainurus hypsognathus
Genus †Chunerpeton? China, Middle Jurassic
†Chunerpeton tianyiensis
Family Cryptobranchidae
Genus Cryptobranchus (hellbenders)
†Cryptobranchus saskatchewanensis?[3] Ravenscrag Formation, Canada, Paleocene
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (hellbender)
Genus Andrias (Asian giant salamanders; sometimes classified among the Cryptobranchus)
Andrias davidianus (Chinese giant salamander) – (Simplified Chinese: 娃娃鱼; pinyin: wáwáyú) (may actually be a species complex of 5 different species)
Andrias sligoi (South China giant salamander)[4][5]
Andrias japonicus (Japanese giant salamander) – (Japanese: オオサンショウウオ)
†Andrias matthewi North America, Miocene
†Andrias scheuchzeri Europe, Oligocene-Pliocene
Genus †Eoscapherpeton Central Asia, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Campanian)
Genus †Aviturus Mongolia, Paleocene
†Aviturus exsecratus
Genus †Ulanurus Mongolia, Paleocene
†Ulanurus fractus
Genus †Zaissanurus Kazakhstan, Oligocene
†Zaissanurus beliajevae
Fossil record
Fossil and recent Andrias skeletons, Paläontologische Institut und Museum, Universitat Zurich.
Extant species in the family Cryptobranchidae are the modern-day members of a lineage that extends back tens millions of years. The oldest known fossils of cryptobranchoids are known from the Middle Jurassic of China. Chunerpeton from the Middle Jurassic of China has been suggested to represent the oldest known cryptobranchid.[6] However, some studies have found it to be a more basal cryptobranchoid not more closely related to Cryptobranchidae than to Hynobiidae.[7] The next oldest cryptobranchid is Eoscapherpeton, known from numerous Late Cretaceous deposits in Central Asia, which is suggested to represent a stem-group to modern cryptobranchids. Modern crown group representatives appear during the Paleocene.[8]
As the fossil record for the Cryptobranchidae shows an Asian origin for the family, how these salamanders made it to the eastern US has been a point of scientific interest. Research has indicated a dispersal via land bridge, with waves of adaptive radiation seeming to have swept the Americas from north to south.[6][9]
Andrias scheuchzeri
In 1726, the Swiss physician Johann Jakob Scheuchzer described a fossil as Homo diluvii testis (Latin: Evidence of a diluvian human), believing it to be the remains of a human being who drowned in the biblical flood. The Teylers Museum in Haarlem, Netherlands, bought the fossil in 1802, where it is still exhibited. In 1812, the fossil was examined by Georges Cuvier, who recognized that it was not human. After being identified as a salamander, it was renamed Salamandra scheuchzeri by Holl in 1831. The genus Andrias was coined six years later by Tschudi. In doing so, both the genus, Andrias (which means "image of man"), and the specific name, scheuchzeri, ended up honouring Scheuchzer and his beliefs. It and the extant A. davidianus cannot be mutually distinguished, and the latter, only described in 1871, is therefore sometimes considered a synonym of the former.[10]
Description
Cryptobranchids are large salamanders, with large folds of skin along their flanks. These help increase the animals' surface area, allowing them to absorb more oxygen from the water. They have four toes on the fore limbs, and five on the hind limbs. They have paedomorphic traits, meaning their metamorphosis from the larval stage is incomplete, so the adults retain gill slits (although they also have lungs), and lack eyelids. They have a stout body with a heavy, laterally compressed tail. They have bad eyesight. They can reach a length of 1.8 m (5.9 ft), though most are considerably smaller today.[1]
Distribution and habitat
In Japan, their natural habitats are threatened by dam-building. Ramps and staircases have been added to some dams to allow them to move upstream to areas where they spawn. [11]
Behavior
A Japanese giant salamander lived for 52 years in captivity.[2]
Feeding
The Chinese giant salamander eats aquatic insects, fish, frogs, crabs, and shrimp.[12] They hunt mainly at night. As they have poor eyesight, they use sensory nodes on their heads and bodies to detect minute changes in water pressure, enabling them to find their prey.[13]
Reproduction
During mating season, the salamanders travel upstream, where the female lays two strings of over 200 eggs each. Lacking the stereotypical courtship behaviors found in other species, the male fertilizes the eggs externally by releasing his sperm onto them, and then guards them for at least three months, until they hatch.[12] Tail fanning also occurs in order to increase the oxygen supply for the eggs. At this point, the larvae live off their noticeable stored fat until ready to hunt. Once ready, they hunt as a group rather than individually.
Scientists at Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park in Japan have recently discovered the male salamander will spawn with more than one female in his den. Only large males can occupy and guard a den. They guard the den against other males and sexually inactive females. Those that are sexually active are welcomed. On occasion, the male "den master" will also allow a second male (smaller male salamanders, named "satellite males", who do not have their own den) into the den; the reason for this is unclear.[14]
References
Andrias davidianus. AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. 2012. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Andrias japonicus. AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. 2012. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
"Fossilworks: Cryptobranchus saskatchewanensis". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"World's largest amphibian identified as a unique species". Animals. 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
Turvey, S. T.; Marr, M. M.; Barnes, I.; Brace, S.; Tapley, B.; Murphy, R. W.; Zhao, E.; Cunningham, A. A. (2019). "Historical museum collections clarify the evolutionary history of cryptic species radiation in the world's largest amphibians". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (18): 10070–10084. doi:10.1002/ece3.5257. PMC 6787787. PMID 31624538.
Gao, Ke-Qin; Shubin, Neil H. (27 March 2003). "Earliest known crown-group salamanders". Nature. 422 (6930): 424–428. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..424G. doi:10.1038/nature01491. PMID 12660782. S2CID 4411650.
Jia, Jia; Anderson, Jason S.; Gao, Ke-Qin (2021-07-23). "Middle Jurassic stem hynobiids from China shed light on the evolution of basal salamanders". iScience. 24 (7): 102744. Bibcode:2021iSci...24j2744J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102744. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 8264161. PMID 34278256.
Skutschas, Pavel P.; Saburov, Pavel G.; Boitsova, Elizaveta A.; Kolchanov, Veniamin V. (May 2019). "Ontogenetic changes in long-bone histology of the cryptobranchid Eoscapherpeton asiaticum (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18 (3): 306–316. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.02.002.
Swanson, P.L. (September 1948). "Notes on the Amphibians of Venango County, Pennsylvania". American Midland Naturalist. 40 (2): 362–371. doi:10.2307/2421606. JSTOR 2421606.
Frost, Darrel R. (31 January 2011). "Andrias Tschudi". Amphibian Species of the World: An online reference (Version 5.5 ed.). New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
"Online access electronic database". New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
"Giant Salamanders Helped to Spawn" 31 December 2009. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Lanza, B.; Vanni, S. & Nistri, A. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
Glenn, C.R. (2006). "Chinese Giant Salamander Facts". Earth's Endangered Creatures. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Okada, Sumio, Yukihiro Fukuda, and Mizuki K. Takahashi. "Paternal care behaviors of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus in natural populations." Journal of ethology 33.1 (2015): 1-7.
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