Batrachophrynus

Cladus: Eukaryota
Supergroup: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Ordo: Anura
Subordo: Neobatrachia
Familia: Ceratophryidae
Subfamilia: Telmatobiinae
Genus: Batrachophrynus
Species: B. brachydactylus - B. macrostomus

Name

Batrachophrynus Peters, 1873

Type species: Batrachophrynus macrostomus Peters, 1873

References

* Peters, 1873, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1873: 411.
* Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 Batrachophrynus access date 21 May 2008

Vernacular names
English: Andes Smooth Frogs

Telmatobius is a genus of frogs native to the Andean highlands in South America, where they are found in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina and northern Chile.[1] It is the only genus in the family Telmatobiidae.[2] Some sources recognize Batrachophrynus as a valid genus distinct from Telmatobius.[3][4]

Ecology and conservation

All Telmatobius species are closely associated with water and most species are semi-aquatic, while a few are entirely aquatic.[5] They are found in and near lakes, rivers and wetlands in the Andean highlands at altitudes between 1,000 and 5,200 m (3,300–17,100 ft).[6] The genus includes two of the world's largest fully aquatic frogs, the Lake Junin frog (T. macrostomus) and Titicaca water frog (T. culeus),[7] but the remaining are considerably smaller. Telmatobius contains more than 60 species; the vast majority seriously threatened, especially from habitat loss, pollution, diseases (chytridiomycosis and nematode infections), introduced trout, and capture for human consumption.[5][8]

The three Ecuadorian species have not been seen for years and may already be extinct: T. cirrhacelis last seen in 1981, T. niger in 1994 and T. vellardi in 1987.[5][8] Similarly, seven of the fifteen species in Bolivia have not been seen for years.[9] However, some might still be rediscovered: the Bolivian T. yuracare had not been seen in the wild in a decade and there was only a single captive male. A few wild individuals were located in 2019, thus ending the captive male's informal status as an endling (last survivor of the species).[9]
Species

There are currently 63 species recognized in the genus Telmatobius,[1] but the validity of some species is questionable and it is likely that undescribed species remain.[10][11]

Telmatobius arequipensis Vellard, 1955
Telmatobius atacamensis Gallardo, 1962
Telmatobius atahualpai Wiens, 1993
Telmatobius bolivianus Parker, 1940
Telmatobius brachydactylus (Peters, 1873)
Telmatobius brevipes Vellard, 1951
Telmatobius brevirostris Vellard, 1955
Telmatobius carrillae Morales, 1988
Telmatobius ceiorum Laurent, 1970
Telmatobius chusmisensis Formas, Cuevas, and Nuñez, 2006
Telmatobius cirrhacelis Trueb, 1979
Telmatobius colanensis Wiens, 1993
Telmatobius contrerasi Cei, 1977
Telmatobius culeus (Garman, 1876)
Telmatobius dankoi Formas et al., 1999
Telmatobius degener Wiens, 1993
Telmatobius edaphonastes De la Riva, 1995
Telmatobius espadai De la Riva, 2005
Telmatobius fronteriensis Benavides, Ortiz, and Formas, 2002
Telmatobius gigas Vellard, 1969
Telmatobius halli Noble, 1938
Telmatobius hauthali Koslowsky, 1895
Telmatobius hintoni Parker, 1940
Telmatobius hockingi Salas and Sinsch, 1996
Telmatobius huayra Lavilla and Ergueta-Sandoval, 1995
Telmatobius hypselocephalus Lavilla and Laurent, 1989
Telmatobius ignavus Barbour and Noble, 1920
Telmatobius intermedius Vellard, 1951
Telmatobius jelskii (Peters, 1873)
Telmatobius laevis Philippi, 1902
Telmatobius laticeps Laurent, 1977
Telmatobius latirostris Vellard, 1951
Telmatobius macrostomus (Peters, 1873)
Telmatobius mantaro Ttito et al., 2016
Telmatobius marmoratus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)
Telmatobius mayoloi Salas and Sinsch, 1996
Telmatobius mendelsoni De la Riva, Trueb, and Duellman, 2012
Telmatobius necopinus Wiens, 1993
Telmatobius niger Barbour and Noble, 1920
Telmatobius oxycephalus Vellard, 1946
Telmatobius pefauri Veloso and Trueb, 1976
Telmatobius peruvianus Wiegmann, 1834
Telmatobius philippii Cuevas and Formas, 2002
Telmatobius pinguiculus Lavilla and Laurent, 1989
Telmatobius pisanoi Laurent, 1977
Telmatobius platycephalus Lavilla and Laurent, 1989
Telmatobius punctatus Vellard, 1955
Telmatobius rimac Schmidt, 1954
Telmatobius rubigo Barrionuevo and Baldo, 2009
Telmatobius sanborni Schmidt, 1954
Telmatobius schreiteri Vellard, 1946
Telmatobius scrocchii Laurent and Lavilla, 1986
Telmatobius sibiricus De la Riva and Harvey, 2003
Telmatobius simonsi Parker, 1940
Telmatobius stephani Laurent, 1973
Telmatobius thompsoni Wiens, 1993
Telmatobius timens De la Riva, Aparicio, and Ríos, 2005
Telmatobius truebae Wiens, 1993
Telmatobius vellardi Munsterman and Leviton, 1959
Telmatobius ventriflavum Catenazzi, Vargas García, and Lehr, 2015
Telmatobius verrucosus Werner, 1899
Telmatobius vilamensis Formas, Benavides, and Cuevas, 2003
Telmatobius yuracare De la Riva, 1994

References

Frost, Darrel R. (2017). "Telmatobius Wiegmann, 1834". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Telmatobiidae Fitzinger, 1843". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Blackburn, D.C.; Wake, D.B. (2011). "Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 39–55. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.8.
"Telmatobiidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Angulo, A. (2008). Conservation Needs of Batrachophrynus and Telmatobius Frogs of the Andes of Peru. Conservation & Society 6(4): 328-333. DOI: 10.4103/0972-4923.49196
Victoriano, Muñoz-Mendoza, Sáez, Salinas, Muñoz-Ramírez, Sallaberry, Fibla and Méndez (2015). Evolution and Conservation on Top of the World: Phylogeography of the Marbled Water Frog (Telmatobius marmoratus Species Complex; Anura, Telmatobiidae) in Protected Areas of Chile. J.Hered. 106 (S1): 546-559. DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv039
Halliday, T. (2016). The Book of Frogs: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the World. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226184654
Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani and Young, editors (2008). Threatened Amphibians of the World. ISBN 978-84-96553-41-5
Mayer, L.R. (14 February 2019). "A Tale Of Two Frogs (And Some Of The Biologists Who Love Them)". Global Wildlife Conservation. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
De la Riva (2005). Bolivian frogs of the genus Telmatobius: synopsis, taxonomic comments, and description of a new species. Monogr. Herpetol. 7:65-101.
Sáez, Fibla, Correa, Sallaberry, Salinas, Veloso, Mella, Iturra, and Méndez (2014). A new endemic lineage of the Andean frog genus Telmatobius (Anura, Telmatobiidae) from the western slopes of the central Andes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 769–782.