Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Bombinatoridae
Genus: Barbourula
Species: Barbourula kalimantanensis
Name
Barbourula kalimantanensis Iskandar, 1978
Type locality: "Nanga Sayan (0° 44´ S; 111° 40´ E), 33 km south of Nanga Pinoh, West Kalimantan [Borneo], Indonesia".
Holotype: MZB Amph. 2330.
References
Iskandar, 1978, Copeia, 1978: 565.
Frost, D.R. 2021. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. DOI: 10.5531/db.vz.0001 Barbourula kalimantanensis . Accessed on 14 July 2008.
2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN: Barbourula kalimantanensis (Endangered) Downloaded on 14 July 2008.
Vernacular names
English: Kalimantan Jungle Toad
中文: 加都巴蟾
The Bornean flat-headed frog (Barbourula kalimantanensis) is a species of frog in the family Bombinatoridae.[2] Although many salamanders are lungless, the Bornean flat-headed frog is the first frog known to have no lungs.[3]
Djoko Iskandar, an Indonesian zoologist, first described the Bornean flat-headed frog based on a single specimen.[4] However, he did not know the frog was lungless until he was in the field with David Bickford's expedition. Bickford et al. were able to dissect some of the specimens and discovered for the first time that the frogs had no lungs. The frog breathes entirely through its skin, and its internal organs (the stomach, spleen and the liver) take up much of the space which normally would be filled by the lungs. By retaining the lunglessness of their tadpole stage, the frogs are much flatter than typical frogs, which might help absorb oxygen and avoid being swept away in fast streams.[3]
Description
This frog grows to a snout-to-vent length of 77 mm (3.0 in) for females and males are slightly smaller. It has a dorsoventrally flattened body with a broad head with a rounded snout. The limbs are robust and both hands and feet are fully webbed. The dorsal skin is smooth with small tubercles on the posterior end and the hind legs and the ventral skin is smooth. Its general colour is brown with black mottling.[5]
Distribution and habitat
This aquatic frog lives in cold, clear, and fast rivers in remote areas of the rain forests of Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. It is known from only two localities, both in the Kapuas River basin.[3]
Status
The Bornean flat-headed frog is listed as Endangered by the IUCN. It is threatened by habitat loss from severe degradation of the river habitats because of increased turbidity and toxic metals used in mining and other negative consequences of development on the island.[1][3]
See also
Lungless salamander
References
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018). "Barbourula kalimantanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T54444A3015179. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T54444A3015179.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Frost, Darrel R. (2013). "Barbourula kalimantanensis Iskandar, 1978". Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
Bickford, David; Iskandar, Djoko; Barlian, Anggraini (2008). "A lungless frog discovered on Borneo". Current Biology. 18 (9): R374–R375. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.010. PMID 18424139. S2CID 1427952.
Iskandar, Djoko T. (1978). "A new species of Barbourula: first record of a discoglossid anuran in Borneo". Copeia. 1978 (4): 564–566. doi:10.2307/1443681. JSTOR 1443681.
Boisvert, Adam (2008-11-24). "Barbourula kalimantanensis". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
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