Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Phylum: Bryozoa
Classis: Gymnolaemata
Ordo: Cheilostomata
Subordo: Flustrina
Superfamilia: Buguloidea
Familia: Bugulidae
Genus: Bugula
Species (74): B. alba – B. angustiloba – B. aperta – B. apsteini – B. aquilirostris – B. aspinosa – B. avicularia – B. bengalensis – B. biota – B. borealis – B. bowiei – B. calathus – B. californica – B. capensis – B. carvalhoi – B. ceylonensis – B. crosslandi – B. cucullata – B. cuspidata – B. decipiens – B. dentata – B. dispar – B. ditrupae – B. eburnea – B. expansa – B. fastigiata – B. flabellata – B. foliolata – B. fulva – B. gautieri – B. gnoma – B. gracilis – B. grayi – B. guara – B. harmsworthi – B. hessei – B. hummelincki – B. hyadesi – B. ingens – B. intermedia – B. longirostrata – B. longissima – B. lophodendron – B. marcusi – B. microoecia – B. migottoi – B. miniatella – B. minima – B. mollis – B. multiserialis – B. neritina – B. neritinoides – B. orientalis – B. pacifica – B. paternostrae – B. pedata – B. philippsae – B. plumosa – B. prenanti – B. prismatica – B. protensa – B. providensis – B. pugeti – B. purpurotincta – B. robusta – B. robustoides – B. rochae – B. rylandi – B. scaphoides – B. scaphula – B. serrata – B. simplex – B. simpliciformis – B. solorensis – B. spicata – B. stolonifera – B. subglobosa – B. tricuspis – B. tschukotkensis – B. turbinata – B. turrita – B. umbelliformis – B. vectifera
Name
Bugula Oken, 1815
References
Links
BHL bibliography
Catalogue of Life: 2020 Annual Checklist
Bugula – Taxon details on Encyclopedia of Life (EOL).
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2019. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Bugula.
ION
Hayward, P. (2012). Bugula. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2012-06-16
Nomenclator Zoologicus
Bugula is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.[1][2]
Contents
1 Distribution
2 Bugula neritina
3 Other uses
4 Species
5 References
6 External links
Distribution
The native distribution of Bugula neritina is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however, it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels.[1] It is considered an invasive species in some countries.
Bugula neritina
Main article: Bugula neritina
Bugula neritina attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, bryostatins, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell’s anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe.[3] In 2001 pharmaceutical company GPC Biotech licensed Bryostatin 1 from Arizona State University for commercial development as a treatment for cancer. GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects.[4] More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of Alzheimers with few side effects.[5]
Other uses
Dried Bugula are commonly used as decorations:
"Air fern", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan Bugula that have been artificially coloured.[6]
However, Sertularia argentea are also sold as "air ferns."[7]
Species
Bugula alba Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
Bugula apsteini Hasenbank, 1932
Bugula aspinosa Liu, 1984
Bugula biota Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
Bugula capensis Waters, 1887
Bugula ceylonensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
Bugula crosslandi Hastings, 1939
Bugula decipiens Hayward, 1981
Bugula expansa Hastings, 1939
Bugula fastigiata Kluge, 1929
Bugula gautieri Ryland, 1962
Bugula gnoma Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
Bugula hessei Hasenbank, 1932
Bugula hummelincki Fransen, 1986
Bugula ingens Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
Bugula intermedia Liu, 1984
Bugula longissima Busk, 1884
Bugula lophodendron Ortmann, 1890
Bugula migottoi Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
Bugula miniatella Winston & Woollacott, 2008
Bugula minima Waters, 1909
Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Bugula neritinoides Hastings, 1939
Bugula orientalis Liu, 1984
Bugula paternostrae Winston & Woollacott, 2008
Bugula philippsae Harmer, 1926
Bugula prismatica (Gray, 1843)
Bugula protensa Hayward, 1981
Bugula providensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
Bugula robusta MacGillivray, 1869
Bugula robustoides Winston & Woollacott, 2008
Bugula rochae Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
Bugula scaphoides Kirkpatrick, 1890
Bugula scaphula Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001
Bugula simpliciformis Osburn, 1932
Bugula solorensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
Bugula subglobosa Harmer, 1926
Bugula tschukotkensis Kluge, 1952
Bugula umbelliformis Yanagi & Okada, 1918
Bugula vectifera Harmer, 1926
Species brought into synonymy
Bugula angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Bugulina angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816)
Bugula aperta (Hincks, 1886): synonym of Crisularia aperta (Hincks, 1886)
Bugula aquilirostris Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina aquilirostris (Ryland, 1960)
Bugula avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Bugulina avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Bugula bengalensis Rao & Ganapati, 1974: synonym of Crisularia bengalensis (Rao & Ganapati, 1974)
Bugula bicornis Busk, 1884: synonym of Camptoplites bicornis (Busk, 1884)
Bugula borealis (Packard, 1863): synonym of Bugulina borealis (Packard, 1863)
Bugula bowiei Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Crisularia bowiei (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
Bugula calathus Norman, 1868: synonym of Bugulina calathus (Norman, 1868)
Bugula californica Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina californica (Robertson, 1905)
Bugula carvalhoi Marcus, 1949: synonym of Bugulina carvalhoi (Marcus, 1949)
Bugula cucullata Busk, 1867: synonym of Crisularia cucullata (Busk, 1867)
Bugula cucullifera Osburn, 1912: synonym of Crisularia cucullifera (Osburn, 1912)
Bugula cuspidata Hastings, 1943: synonym of Crisularia cuspidata (Hastings, 1943)
Bugula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816): synonym of Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816)
Bugula dispar Harmer, 1926: synonym of Crisularia dispar (Harmer, 1926)
Bugula ditrupae Busk, 1858: synonym of Bugulina ditrupae (Busk, 1858)
Bugula eburnea Calvet, 1906: synonym of Bugulina eburnea (Calvet, 1906)
Bugula elongata Nordgaard, 1906: synonym of Dendrobeania decorata (Verrill, 1879)
Bugula flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848): synonym of Bugulina flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848)
Bugula foliolata Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Bugulina foliolata (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
Bugula fulva Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina fulva (Ryland, 1960)
Bugula germanae (Calvet, 1902): synonym of Bugula serrata (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
Bugula gracilis Busk, 1858: synonym of Crisularia gracilis (Busk, 1858)
Bugula grayi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia grayi (Maturo, 1966)
Bugula guara Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Crisularia guara (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
Bugula harmsworthi Waters, 1900: synonym of Crisularia harmsworthi (Waters, 1900)
Bugula hyadesi Jullien, 1888: synonym of Crisularia hyadesi (Jullien, 1888)
Bugula japonica: synonym of Dendrobeania japonica (Ortmann, 1890)
Bugula johnstonae (Gray, 1843): synonym of Halophila johnstonae Gray, 1843
Bugula leontodon Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum leontodon (Busk, 1884)
Bugula longicauda Harmer, 1926: synonym of Halophila longicauda (Busk, 1884)
Bugula longirostrata Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina longirostrata (Robertson, 1905)
Bugula marcusi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia marcusi (Maturo, 1966)
Bugula margaritifera Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum margaritifera (Busk, 1884): synonym of Himantozoum margaritiferum (Busk, 1884)
Bugula microoecia Osburn, 1914: synonym of Crisularia microoecia (Osburn, 1914)
Bugula mirabilis Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum mirabilis (Busk, 1884)
Bugula mollis Harmer, 1926: synonym of Crisularia mollis (Harmer, 1926)
Bugula multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841): synonym of Bugulina multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841)
Bugula nana Androsova, 1977: synonym of Crisularia nana (Androsova, 1977)
Bugula pacifica Robertson, 1905: synonym of Crisularia pacifica (Robertson, 1905)
Bugula pedata Harmer, 1926: synonym of Bugulina pedata (Harmer, 1926)
Bugula plumosa (Pallas, 1766): synonym of Crisularia plumosa (Pallas, 1766)
Bugula prenanti Castric-Fey, 1971: synonym of Crisularia prenanti (Castric-Fey, 1971)
Bugula pugeti Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina pugeti (Robertson, 1905)
Bugula purpurotincta Norman, 1868: synonym of Crisularia purpurotincta (Norman, 1868)
Bugula reticulata Busk, 1884: synonym of Camptoplites reticulatus (Busk, 1884)
Bugula rylandi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia rylandi (Maturo, 1966)
Bugula serrata (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
Bugula simplex Hincks, 1886: synonym of Bugulina simplex (Hincks, 1886)
Bugula sinuosa Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum sinuosum (Busk, 1884)
Bugula spicata (Hincks, 1886): synonym of Bugulina spicata (Hincks, 1886)
Bugula stolonifera Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina stolonifera (Ryland, 1960)
Bugula tricuspis Kluge, 1955: synonym of Bugulina tricuspis (Kluge, 1955)
Bugula turbinata Alder, 1857: synonym of Bugulina turbinata (Alder, 1857)
Bugula turrita (Desor, 1848): synonym of Crisularia turrita (Desor, 1848)
Bugula versicolor Busk, 1884: synonym of Semidendrobeania versicolor (Busk, 1884)
References
"Bugula neritina". exoticsguide.org. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02
Harford, B The Bryostatins’ Tale Chemical and Engineering News, Vol 89, No 43 PP. 10 - 17 Oct 24, 2011 accessed Dec 19, 2017
"Bryostatin 1". 19 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
Nelsen et. al., JT Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer’s Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017
Frank K. McKinney. "The Bryozoa". International Bryozoology Association. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016). Sertularia argentea Linnaeus, 1758. [In] Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.
Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325–333
Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H., Winston, Judith E., Tilbrook, Kevin J., Nascimento, Karine B. & Vieira, Leandro M. (2015). Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea). Zoologica Scripta
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