Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Classis: Diplopoda
Subclassis: Chilognatha
Infraclassis: Helminthomorpha
Superordo: Typhlogena
Ordo: Siphonophorida
Familiae: Nematozoniidae – Siphonophoridae – Siphonorhinidae
Name
Siphonophorida Newport, 1844
Siphonophorida (Greek for "tube bearer") is an order of millipedes containing two families and over 100 species.
Description
Millipedes in the order Siphonophorida are long and worm-like, reaching up to 36 millimetres (1.4 in) in length and up to 190 body segments. Eyes are absent, and in many species the head is elongated into a long beak, with mandibles highly reduced. The beak may serve in a suctorial function. The body has a dense covering of fine setae. Each body segment consists of a dorsal tergite, two lateral pleurites, and ventral sternite, which are unfused. The male reproductive appendages (gonopods) are simple and leg-like, consisting of the ninth and 10th leg pairs. This lack of specialization has led to Siphonophorida being called a "taxonomist's nightmare",[1] and Jeekel (cited in[1]) jokingly gave the order the "taxonomists' award for least popular group among diplopods".[2]
Distribution
Siphonophorida occurs from southwestern USA to Brazil and Peru in the western hemisphere, as well as South Africa, India, southeast Asia and Australia.[3] The oldest fossil of the group is from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber, assignable to the extant genus Siphonophora.[4]
Classification
Two families are traditionally recognized. Differences between the two families include antennae and head structure: the large family Siphonophoridae, with over 100 species, has elongate beak-like mouthparts, and straight antennae with sensory pits on the fifth and sixth antennal segments ("antennomeres)". The family Siphonorhinidae, with only around 10 species, lacks the beak-like mouthparts, and has geniculate (elbowed) antennae lacking sensory pits on the fifth and sixth antennomere. The siphonorhinid genus Nematozonium with two species, is sometimes placed in its own monotypic family, Nematozoniidae.[1]
Family Siphonophoridae Newport, 1844
Head of Siphonophora barberi from Central America, showing large antennae and tubular "beak"
Columbianum major, Brazil
Balizonium
Columbianum
Gonatotrichus
Linozonium
Lomboknium
Okeanozonium
Pterozonium
Tugrazontium
Rhinosiphora
Siphonacme
Siphonophora
Family Siphonorhinidae Cook, 1895
Illacme
Kleruchus
Nematozonium
Siphonorhinus
References
Read, H. J., & Enghoff, H. (2009). "The order Siphonophorida– A taxonomist's nightmare? Lessons from a Brazilian collection" (PDF). Soil Organisms. 81: 543–556.
"Diagnostic features of Millipede Orders" (PDF). Milli-PEET Identification Tables. The Field Museum, Chicago. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
"Geographic distribution of Millipede Families" (PDF). Milli-PEET Identification Tables. The Field Museum, Chicago. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jiang, Xuankong; Shear, William A.; Hennen, Derek A.; Chen, Huiming; Xie, Zhicai (May 2019). "One hundred million years of stasis: Siphonophora hui sp. nov., the first Mesozoic sucking millipede (Diplopoda: Siphonophorida) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Cretaceous Research. 97: 34–39. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.01.011. S2CID 134500770.
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