Phacopidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: †Trilobitomorpha
Classis: †Trilobita
Ordo: †Phacopida
Subordo: †Phacopina
Superfamilia: Phacopoidea

Familia: Phacopidae
Genera: Acernaspis - Acuticryphops - Adastocephalum - Afrops - Ainasuella - Altaesajania - Ananaspis - Angulophacops - Arduennops - Atopophacops - Babinops - Boeckops - Burtonops - Chotecops - Cryphops - Cultrops - Denckmannites - Dianops - Dienstina - Drotops - Ductina - Echidnops - Echinophacops - Eldredgeops - Eocryphops - Eophacops - Geesops - Hypsipariops - Illaenula - Kainops - Liolophops - Lochkovella - Nandanaspis - Nephranomma - Nephranops - Nyterops - Omegops - Orygmatos - Paciphacops - Pedinopariops - Phacopidella - Phacops - Plagiolaria - Portlockia - Prokops - Rabienops - Reedops - Rhinophacops - Rhinoreedops - Sambremeuaspis - Signatops - Somatrikelon - Spinicryphops - Struveaspis - Struveops - Tangbailaspis - Teichertops - Toxophacops - Trimerocephalus - Viaphacops - Weyerites - Zaplaops - Zhusilengops
Name
Phacopidae Hawle & Corda 1847

Phacopidae is a family of phacopid trilobites that ranges from the Lower Ordovician to the Upper Devonian, with representatives in all paleocontinents.[1]
Description
Schizochroal eye of Elredgeops rana
Ductina vietnamica, a phacopid that lacks eyes

As in all Phacopina, the eyes (if present) consist of very large (0.5 mm in Phacops rana), separately set lenses without a common cornea (so called schizochroal eyes). However, several phacopids have very few lenses, such as the species of the genera Cryphops, Denckmannites, Dienstina, Eucryphops, Nephranops, and Plagiolaria, or lack eyes altogether, like Afrops, Dianops, Ductina, and Trimerocephalus. The natural fracture lines (sutures) of the head run along the top edges of the compound eye. From the back of the eye these cut to the side of the head (proparian) and not to the back. In front of the eye, the right and left facial sutures connect in front of the inflated glabella and consequently the free cheeks (or librigenae) are yoked as a single piece. In some of the eyeless genera (Ductina) the suture coincides with the marginal suture, and thus appears to be absent. The part of the skeleton that is "tucked under" (the doublure) has no sutures crossing it to form a rostral plate. The thorax has 11 (rarely 10) segments, the side lobes (or pleurae) are furrowed, and the articulating facets distinct. The tailshield (or pygidium) is always smaller than the headshield (or cephalon), a situation called micropygous.

In the Phacopidae a merger of the anterior and the two pairs of neighbouring lobes of the glabella forms a frontal lobe that expands forward and can be inflated and overhanging the frontal border. To the back of the glabella two furrows (or sometimes one) cross the glabella forming two rings ("intercalating ring" and "occipital ring"). The cephalon does not end in genal spines. The side lobes of the thorax (or pleurae, singular pleura) have rounded ends. The pygidium is well rounded, semicircular or shorter, with an entire margin, and without lateral and posterior projections. In many Phacopidae, where the facial sutures are apparently continuous and well developed, they were evidently nonfunctional in ecdysis, since no separate free cheeks can be found.[1]
Taxonomy

The Phacopinae likely have evolved from the Pterygometopidae, and the presumed sister taxon is Podowrinella.[2]
Distribution

The earliest species and the only one known from the Ordovician (upper Katian) is Sambremeusaspis fossesensis. The Phacopidae became a prominent family during the Silurian and had an enormous taxonomic diversity during the Devonian.[2]
Genera

The following genera are included:[3]

Acernaspis
Acuticryphops
Adastocephalum
Afrops
Ainasuella
Altaesajania
Ananaspis
Angulophacops
Arduennops
Atopophacops
Babinops
Boeckops
Burtonops
Chotecops
Cryphops
Cultrops
Denckmannites
Dianops
Dienstina
Drotops
Ductina
Echidnops
Echinophacops
Eldredgeops
Eocryphops
Eophacops
Geesops
Hypsipariops
Illaenula
Kainops
Liolophops
Lochkovella
Magreanops
Nandanaspis
Nephranomma
Nephranops
Nyterops
Omegops
Orygmatos
Paciphacops
Pedinopariops
Phacopidella
Phacops
Plagiolaria
Portlockia
Prokops
Rabienops
Reedops
Rhinophacops
Rhinoreedops
Sambremeusaspis
Signatops
Somatrikelon
Spinicryphops
Struveaspis
Struveops
Tangbailaspis
Teichertops
Toxophacops
Trimerocephalus
Viaphacops
Weyerites
Zaplaops
Zhusilengops

References

Moore, R.C. (1959). Arthropoda I - Arthropoda General Features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda General Features, Trilobitomorpha. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part O. Boulder, Colorado/Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America/University of Kansas Press. pp. 1–560. ISBN 978-0-8137-3015-8.
J.M. Adrian (2014). "20. A synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity". In D.A.T. Harper; T. Servais (eds.). Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography. Memoirs of the Geological Society of London. Vol. 38. Geological Society of London. p. 490. ISBN 978-1862393738.
S.M. Gon III. "Order Phacopida". Retrieved January 15, 2011.