Palpimanidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Ordo: Araneae
Subordo: Opisthothelae
Infraordo: Araneomorphae
Taxon: Neocribellatae
Series: Entelegynae
Superfamilia: Palpimanoidea

Familia: Palpimanidae
Subfamiliae (3): Chediminae – Otiothopinae – Palpimaninae – ...
Genera (18): Anisaedus – Badia – Boagrius – Chedima – Chedimanops – Diaphorocellus – Fernandezina – Hybosida – Hybosidella – Ikuma – Levymanus – Notiothops – Otiothops – Palpimanus – Sarascelis – Scelidocteus – Scelidomachus – Steriphopus
Name

Palpimanidae Thorell, 1870b: 201

References
Primary references

Thorell, T., 1870b On European spiders. Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, (3)7: 109–242.

Additional references

Lin, Y.J. & Li, S.Q. 2020c. Tibetima gen. nov., a new genus of palpimanid spiders from Tibet, China (Araneae, Palpimanidae). Acta Arachnologica Sinica 29(2): 85-88. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-9628.2020.02.001. Paywall. Reference page.
Zonstein, S.L. & Marusik, Yu.M. 2017. Descriptions of the two-eyed African spider genera Chedimanops gen. n. and Hybosidella gen. n. (Araneae, Palpimanidae, Chediminae). African Invertebrates 58(1): 23–47. DOI: 10.3897/AfrInvertebr.58.11448. Reference page.
Zonstein, S.L., Marusik, Y.M. 2022. Redescription of the poorly known genus Ikuma Lawrence, with synonymy and description of a new species from Namibia (Araneae, Palpimanidae). African Invertebrates. 63(2): 105–119. DOI: 10.3897/afrinvertebr.63.90530 Open access Reference page. [as Palpimanidae p. 108]
Zonstein, S.L., Marusik, Yu.M. & Omelko, M.M. 2016. Redescription of the type species of Diaphorocellus Simon, 1893 (Araneae, Palpimanidae, Chediminae). African Invertebrates 57(2): 93–103. DOI: 10.3897/AfrInvertebr.57.9988. Reference page.

Vernacular names
中文: 二纺蛛科

Palpimanidae, also known as palp-footed spiders, is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1890.[1] They are widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, the Mediterranean and one in Uzbekistan, but not Australia. They are not common and there is a high degree of endemism.[2]
Description
Anisaedus levii

The most obvious features of the Palpimanidae are the front legs, which are disproportionately powerful and heavily sclerotised. The abdomen is round to oval, evenly sprinkled with short straight hairs that in some species are sufficiently dense to form a close-fitting coat, though most species look nearly smooth. Usually the cephalothorax is somewhat less obviously hairy. The abdomen is evenly rounded without conspicuous sculpting, and in many species is elongated into an olive shape twice as long as the cephalothorax, giving the spider a vaguely torpedo-shaped appearance. Instead of having six spinnerets like most spiders, the Palpimanidae have only two. Colour patterns generally are subdued and simple. A few genera, such as Diaphorocellus have light patches on a dark abdomen. Most others are brownish or reddish to dark in general colour, but as a rule the cephalothorax is more heavily sclerotised and darker than the abdomen, as well as glossier. There are eight eyes in two rows of four, but in some species the outer anterior and posterior eyes are close together, which has caused some people to think there are just six eyes. In some species the chelicerae have stimulatory organs, microscopic ridges, with pegs that scrape over them when they rub the chelicerae together. The probable function is to signal to each other in mating, though it might have some defensive role as well.[2]
Biology

The behaviour of the Palpimanidae is in general poorly investigated. All species produce ecribellate silk.[3] They certainly are ground dwellers and do not spin webs, though they many do spin shelters for themselves in holes or under rocks. Palpimanus gibbulus at least, lives in leaf litter or under stones in dry soils. Many or most species go wandering at night, either hunting or seeking mates. They generally keep their very strong first legs held up in front of themselves while walking slowly at night,[2] and on encountering possible prey they may feel it gently before grabbing it very rapidly and powerfully, as shown in some on-line video material.
Genera
Main article: List of Palpimanidae species

As of April 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[4]

Anisaedus Simon, 1893 — Tanzania, South America
Badia Roewer, 1961 — Senegal
Boagrius Simon, 1893 — Tanzania, Malaysia, Indonesia
Chedima Simon, 1873 — Morocco
Chedimanops Zonstein & Marusik, 2017 — Congo
Diaphorocellus Simon, 1893 — Africa
Fernandezina Birabén, 1951 — South America
Hybosida Simon, 1898 — Seychelles
Hybosidella Zonstein & Marusik, 2017 — Cameroon
Ikuma Lawrence, 1938 — Namibia
Levymanus Zonstein & Marusik, 2013 — Israel, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates
Notiothops Platnick, Grismado & Ramírez, 1999 — Chile
Otiothops MacLeay, 1839 — Caribbean, South America, Panama, India
Palpimanus Dufour, 1820 — Asia, Africa, Argentina, Europe
Sarascelis Simon, 1887 — Africa, Singapore
Scelidocteus Simon, 1907 — Africa
Scelidomachus Pocock, 1899 — Yemen
Steriphopus Simon, 1887 — Asia, Seychelles

Fossil genera

Cretapalpus Downen & Selden, 2021, Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)[5]