Taxonavigation
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Classis: Diplopoda
Subclassis: Chilognatha
Infraclassis: Helminthomorpha
Superordo: Diplocheta
Ordo: Spirostreptida
Familiae: Adiaphorostreptidae - Atopogestidae - Bilingulidae - Cambalidae - Cambalopsidae - Choctellidae - Harpagophoridae - Iulomorphidae - Odontopygidae - Pericambalidae - Physiostreptidae - Pseudonannolenidae - Spirostreptidae
Name
Spirostreptida Brandt, 1833
Spirostreptida is an order of long, cylindrical millipedes. There are approximately 1000 described species,[1] making Spirostreptida the third largest order of millipedes after Polydesmida and Chordeumatida.
Description
Spirostreptida are generally large, long and cylindrical, with 30 to 90 body rings. Eyes are present in most.[2] This order contains the longest millipedes known: the giant African millipedes of the genus Archispirostreptus that may exceed 30 centimetres (12 in).[2]
Distribution
Spirostreptida contains mainly tropical species, and occurs in Africa, Southern Asia to Japan, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere from the United States to Argentina.[3]
Evolutionary history
Like most millipede groups, they have a fragmentary fossil record. The oldest record of the group is the extinct family Electrocambalidae, which is known from the Burmese amber of Myanmar, dating to the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous around 99 million years ago, which belongs to the suborder Cambalidea. The only other fossil records of the group are Protosilvestria from the Oligocene of France, which belongs to either Cambalidae or Cambalopsidae, and an undescribed species of Epinannolene (Pseudonannolenidae) from the Miocene aged Dominican amber.[4]
Classification
The order comprises two suborders, Cambalidea and Spirostreptidea, the latter further divided into two superfamilies.[1]
Cambala minor (Cambalidae), a cave-millipede from eastern North America
Suborder Cambalidea
Cambalidae
Cambalopsidae (includes the former Glyphiulidae and Pericambalidae)[1]
Choctellidae
Iulomorphidae
Pseudonannolenidae
†Electrocambalidae
Suborder Spirostreptidea
Superfamily Odontopygoidea
Atopogestidae
Odontopygidae
Superfamily Spirostreptoidea
Adiaphorostreptidae
Harpagophoridae
Spirostreptidae
Select species
Phyllogonostreptus nigrolabiatus- a large species from India
Spinotarsus caboverdus- a species that has become an agricultural pest in Cape Verde
References
Shear, W. (2011). "Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 159–164.
"Diagnostic features of Millipede Orders" (PDF). Milli-PEET Identification Tables. The Field Museum, Chicago. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Shelley, Rowland M. (1999). "Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna". The Kansas School Naturalist. 45 (3): 1–16.
Moritz, Leif; Wesener, Thomas (2021-06-17). "Electrocambalidae fam. nov., a new family of Cambalidea from Cretaceous Burmese amber (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)". European Journal of Taxonomy. 755: 22–46. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1397. ISSN 2118-9773.
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