Schendylidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Classis: Chilopoda
Ordo: Geophilomorpha

Surbordo: Adesmata
Superfamilia: Himantarioidea
Familia: Schendylidae
Subfamiliae: Ballophilinae – Schendylinae

Overview of genera (62): Afrotaenia – Algunguis – Apunguis – Ballophilus – Bimindyla – Caritohallex – Cerethmus – Clavophilus – Ctenophilus – Cymochilus – Diplethmus – Escaryus – Espagnella – Falcaryus – Haploschendyla – Holitys – Hydroschendyla – Ityphilus – Koepckeiella – Koinethmus – Lanonyx – Leptyniphilus – Leptynophilus – Leucolinum – Litoschendyla – Marsikomerus – Mesoschendyla – Mexiconyx – Microschendyla – Morunguis – Nannophilus – Nannopodellus – Nanopodellus – Nesonannophilus – Nesondyla – Nesonyx – Nyctunguis – Orygmadyla – Parunguis – Pectiniunguis – Plesioschendyla – Pleuroschendyla – Ploutoschendylurus – Portoricellus – Prionothalthybius – Schendyla – Schendylellus – Schendylops – Schendylotyn – Schendylota – Schendylunguis – Schendylurus – Schizoschendyla – Simoporus – Sogodes – Sogolabis – Taeniolinum – Tanophilus – Thalthybius – Thindyla – Zygethmus
Name

Schendylidae Cook, 1896

References

Cook, O.F. 1896. Geophiloidea from Liberia and Togo. Brandtia, A Series of Occasional Papers on Diplopoda and Other Anthropoda 35–40. BHL Reference page.
Pereira, L.A. 2015. A new schendylid centipede (Myriapoda: Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha) from the Bolivian Amazon Forest. Zootaxa 3905(1): 1–26. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3905.1.1 Paywall Reference page.
Pereira, L.A. 2018. A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae). Zootaxa 4374(3): 409–426. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4374.3.5 Reference page.

Schendylidae is a family of soil centipedes in the superfamily Himantarioidea and the order Geophilomorpha.[1][2] These centipedes are found in the Americas, the Palearctic region, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, and southeast Asia, and also on some Pacific islands.[3] This family was first proposed by the American biologist Orator F. Cook in 1896.[4]
Taxonomy

In 2014, a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and molecular data found this family to be paraphyletic with respect to the family Ballophilidae.[2] Authorities now deem Ballophilidae to be a synonym of Schendylidae.[5] The family Schendylidae now includes at least 47 genera and 310 described species.[5][6]
Description

Centipedes in this family feature second maxillae with claws that are often fringed by small spines or rows of filaments. Sternal pores are usually present, most often in a single field. Each coxopleuron most often has only one or two pores.[3]

Compared to most other families in the suborder Adesmata, this family features a modest number of leg-bearing segments and limited variation in this number within each species (usually no more than three or four contiguous odd numbers).[7] This family includes the two species that feature the fewest legs (27 pairs) in the order Geophilomorpha: males in the species Schendylops ramirezi have only 27 pairs of legs, while females have 29, and males in the species S. oligopus have 27 or 29 (usually 29), while females have 31.[8] Furthermore, S. ramirezi is one of only two species in this order in which females have only 29 leg pairs (the other species, Dinogeophilus oligopodus, is also in this family[9][10] and has 29 in each sex).[8] Several other species in this family are known from specimens with notably few leg pairs in each sex, including Schendlya antici (29 in males and 31 in females),[11] Escaryus cryptorobius (as few as 31 in males and 33 in females),[12] and Schendyla walachica (as few as 33 in each sex).[11] Among all the other families in the order Geophilomorpha, only the family Geophilidae (including Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae, Linotaeniidae, and Macronicophilidae) includes centipedes with so few legs.[13][3]

Many species in the family Schendylidae are notable for their small sizes. The most extreme examples are the two species in the South American genus Dinogeophilus, which range from 4.5 to 5.5 mm in length. These species are the smallest not only in the order Geophilomorpha but also among all epimorphic centipedes.[9]
Genera

Algunguis
Apunguis
Australoschendyla R.E.Jones, 1896
Bimindyla
Ctenophilus
Cymochilus
Dinogeophilus Silvestri, 1909
Escaryus Cook & Collins, 1891
Espagnella
Falcaryus
Gosendyla
Haploschendyla
Holitys
Hydroschendyla
Leptoschendyla
Marsikomerus Attems, 1938
Mesoschendyla
Mexiconyx
Momophilus
Morunguis
Nannophilus
Nannopodellus
Nesonyx
Nyctunguis Chamberlin, 1914
Orygmadyla
Parunguis
Pectiniunguis Bollman, 1889
Plesioschendyla Ribaut, 1923
Schendyla Bergsøe & Meinert, 1866
Schendylellus
Schendylops Cook, 1899
Serrunguis
Sogodes
Sogolabis
Thindyla

References

"Schendylidae Family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
Bonato, Lucio (2014). "Phylogeny of Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) inferred from new morphological and molecular evidence". Cladistics. The International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society. 30 (5): 485–507. doi:10.1111/cla.12060. PMID 34794246. S2CID 86204188.
Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.
Cook, O. F. (1896). "An arrangement of the Geophilidæ, a family of Chilopoda". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 18 (1039): 63–75 [70]. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.18-1039.63.
"Schendylidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
"Schendylidae Overview". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
Minelli, Alessandro; Bortoletto, Stefano (1988-04-01). "Myriapod metamerism and arthropod segmentation". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 33 (4): 323–343. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00448.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
Pereira, Luis Alberto (2013-01-01). "Discovery of a second geophilomorph species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) having twenty-seven leg-bearing segments, the lowest number recorded up to the present in the centipede order Geophilomorpha". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 53 (13): 163–185. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492013001300001. hdl:11336/3449. ISSN 1807-0205.
Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro; Drago, Leandro; Pereira, Luis Alberto (2015-09-25). "The phylogenetic position of Dinogeophilus and a new evolutionary framework for the smallest epimorphic centipedes (Chilopoda: Epimorpha)". Contributions to Zoology. 84 (3): 237–253. doi:10.1163/18759866-08403004. hdl:11577/3146565. ISSN 1875-9866.
Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). "Dinogeophilus oligopodus Pereira, 1984". ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Retrieved 2024-01-20.
Stojanović, Dalibor Z.; šEvić, Mirko; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2024-03-07). "A new dwarf schendylid centipede (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae) with a low number of legs from Serbia, Balkan Peninsula". Zootaxa. 5419 (3): 401–418. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5419.3.5. ISSN 1175-5334.
Pereira, Luis A.; Hoffman, Richard L. (1993). "The American species of Escaryus, a genus of holoarctic centipeds (Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)" (PDF). Jeffersoniana. 3: 1–72.

Bonato, Lucio (2014). "Phylogeny of Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) inferred from new morphological and molecular evidence". Cladistics. 30 (5): 485–507. doi:10.1111/cla.12060. PMID 34794246. S2CID 86204188.