Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Classis: Diplopoda
Subclassis: Chilognatha
Infraclassis: Helminthomorpha
Superordo: Diplocheta
Ordo: Julida
Familiae: Aprosphylosomatidae - Blaniulidae - Chelojulidae - Galliobatidae - Julidae - Mongoliulidae - Nemasomatidae - Okeanobatidae - Pachyiulidae - Paeromopodidae - Parajulidae - Pseudonemasomatidae - Rhopaloiulidae - Telsonemasomatidae - Trichoblaniulidae - Trichonemasomatidae - Zosteractinidae
Vernacular names
English: snake millipedes
Julida is an order of millipedes. Members are mostly small and cylindrical, typically ranging from 10–120 millimetres (0.39–4.72 in) in length.[1] Eyes may be present or absent, and in mature males of many species, the first pair of legs is modified into hook-like structures.[2] Additionally, both pairs of legs on the 7th body segment of males are modified into gonopods.[3]
Distribution
Julida contains predominantly temperate species ranging from North America to Panama, Europe, Asia north of the Himalayas, Asir region, Saudi Arabia, and Southeast Asia.[4]
Classification
The order Julida contains approximately 750 species, divided into the following superfamilies and families:[5]
Blaniuloidea C. L. Koch, 1847
Blaniulidae C. L. Koch, 1847
Galliobatidae Brolemann, 1921
Okeanobatidae Verhoeff, 1942
Zosteractinidae Loomis, 1943
Juloidea Leach, 1814
Julidae Leach, 1814
Rhopaloiulidae Attems, 1926
Trichoblaniulidae Verhoeff, 1911
Trichonemasomatidae Enghoff, 1991
Nemasomatoidea Bollman, 1893
Chelojulidae Enghoff, 1991
Nemasomatidae Bollman, 1893
Pseudonemasomatidae Enghoff, 1991
Telsonemasomatidae Enghoff, 1991
Paeromopodoidea Cook, 1895
Aprosphylosomatidae Hoffman, 1961
Paeromopodidae Cook, 1895
Parajuloidea Bollman, 1893
Mongoliulidae Pocock, 1903
Parajulidae Bollman, 1893
References
"Diagnostic features of Millipede Orders" (PDF). Milli-PEET Identification Tables. The Field Museum, Chicago. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
J. Gordon Blower (1985). Millipedes: Keys and Notes for the Identification of the Species. Synopses of the British Fauna. Linnean Society of London. ISBN 978-90-04-07698-3.
Shelley, Rowland M. (1999). "Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna". The Kansas School Naturalist. 45 (3): 1–16. Archived from the original on 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2014-03-18.
"Geographic distribution of Millipede Families" (PDF). Milli-PEET Identification Tables. The Field Museum, Chicago. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
William Shear. "Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844" (PDF). In Z.-Q. Zhang (ed.). Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. Vol. 159–164. p. 3148.
Ilic, B. (2019). Multifaceted activity of millipede secretions:. [online] Web of Science. Available at: http://apps.webofknowledge.com/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2019].
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