Psyllidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Paraneoptera
Superordo: Condylognatha
Ordo: Hemiptera
Subordo: Sternorrhyncha
Superfamilia: Psylloidea

Familia: Psyllidae
Subfamiliae: Acizziinae - Anomoneurinae - Arytaininae - Diaphorininae - Paurocephalinae - Psyllinae
Overview of genera

Acizzia – Agelaeopsylla – Agonoscena – Allophorina – Amorphicola – Anoeconeossa – Anomalopsylla – Anomoneura – Aphalara – Aphalaroida – Aphorma – Arytaina – Arytainilla – Arytinnis – Auchmerina – Auchmeriniella – Australopsylla – Baccharopelma – Baeopelma – Blastopsylla – Blepharocosta – Boreioglycaspis – Brachystetha – Brinckitia – Cacopsylla – Caillardia – Camarotoscena – Caradocia – Cardiaspina – Ceanothia – Celtisaspis – Cerationotum – Chamaepsylla – Ciriacremum – Colophorina – Colposcenia – Connectopelma – Craspedolepta – Crastina – Creiis – Crucianus – Cryptoneossa – Cryptotrioza – Ctenarytaina – Cyamophila – Dasypsylla – Diaphorina – Diclidophlebia – Edentatipsylla – Ehrendorferiana – Epheloscyta – Epipsylla – Eremopsylloides – Eriopsylla – Eucalyptolyma – Euceropsylla – Euglyptoneura – Eumetoecus – Euphalerus – Euphyllura – Eurhinocola – Eurotica – Euryconus – Freysuila – Geijerolyma – Glycaspis – Gyropsylla – Heteropsylla – Hodkinsonia – Hyalinaspis – Insnesia – Isogonoceraia – Jenseniella – Katacephala – Kenmooreana – Kleiniella – Labicria – Lanthanaphalara – Lanthaphalara – Lasiopsylla – Leptospermonastes – Leurolophus – Levidea – Ligustrinia – Limataphalara – Limbopsylla – Lindbergiella – Lisronia – Livia – Livilla – Macrocorsa – Manapa – Megadicrania – Megagonoscena – Mitrapsylla – Moraniella – Neaphalara – Neophalara – Neophyllura – Notophorina – Notophyllura – Nyctipalerus – Pachyparia – Pachypsylloides – Padaukia – Pallipsylla – Palmapenna – Panisopelma – Parapaurocephala – Paraphyllura – Parapsylla – Paurocephala – Pauroterga – Peripsyllopsis – Pexopsylla – Phellopsylla – Phyllolyma – Platycorypha – Platyobria – Prosopidopsylla – Pseudacanthopsylla – Psylla – Psyllopsis – Purshivora – Retroacizzia – Rhodochlanis – Rhombaphalara – Rhusaphalara – Russelliana – Spanioneura – Shaerqia – Sphinia – Spondyliaspis – Spondytora – Strophingia – Syncarpiolyma – Syncoptozus – Synpsylla – Syntomoza – Syringilla – Tainarys – Telmapsylla – Tetragonocephala – Togepsylla – Trigonon – Trisetipsylla – Tuthillia – Xenaphalara – Yangus – Zonopelma – †Eogyropsylla

[source: Catalogue of Life: 2012 Annual Checklist, plus (2) Pauroterga – †Eogyropsylla
]
Name

Psyllidae Latreille, 1807:168

Type genus: Psylla Geoffroy, 1762

Vernacular names
беларуская: Лістаблошкі
日本語: キジラミ科
References

Latreille, P.A. 1807. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundem ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimus explicata. Tomus tertius. Parisiis et Argentorati: A. Koenig, 258 pp. BHL Reference page.
Cho, G., Burckhardt, D. & Lee, S. 2017. On the taxonomy of Korean jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Zootaxa 4238(4): 431–461. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4238.4.3. Reference page.
Cho, G., Liao, Y-C., Lee, S. & Yang, M-M. 2020. Anomoneura taiwanica sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Psylloidea, Psyllidae), a new jumping plant-louse species from Taiwan associated with Morus australis (Moraceae). ZooKeys, 917: 117–126. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.917.36727 Open access Reference page.
Drohojowska, J. 2011: Eogyropsylla sedzimiri sp. nov. from Eocene Baltic amber with a key to the species of the fossil genus Eogyropsylla Klimaszewski, 1993 (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea). Zootaxa, 2803: 41–48. Preview
Li, B., Yang, M-F. & Burckhardt, D. 2015: Epipsylla millettiae sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), a new psyllid from China associated with Millettia pachyloba (Fabaceae) with comments on Epipsylla including the redescription of E. hainanana. Zootaxa 3986(1): 135–143. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3986.1.8. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Serbina, L. & Burckhardt, D. 2017. Systematics, biogeography and host-plant relationships of the Neotropical jumping plant-louse genus Russelliana (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Zootaxa 4266(1): 1–114. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4266.1.1. Reference page.
Spodek, M., Burckhardt, D. & Freidberg, A. 2017. The Psylloidea (Hemiptera) of Israel. Zootaxa 4276(3): 301–345. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4276.3.1. Reference page.

Links

Zicha, Ondřej et al. Psyllidae – Taxon details on Biological Library (BioLib).
Psyllidae – Taxon details on Fauna Europaea.

Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a family of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, i.e. each plant-louse species only feeds on one plant species (monophagous) or feeds on a few closely related plants (oligophagous). Together with aphids, phylloxerans, scale insects and whiteflies, they form the group called Sternorrhyncha, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the true bugs (Hemiptera). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the group into a total of seven families; the present restricted definition still includes more than 70 genera in the Psyllidae. Psyllid fossils have been found from the Early Permian before the flowering plants evolved. The explosive diversification of the flowering plants in the Cretaceous was paralleled by a massive diversification of associated insects, and many of the morphological and metabolic characters that the flowering plants exhibit may have evolved as defenses against herbivorous insects.

Several genera of psyllids, especially among the Australian fauna, secrete coverings called "lerps" over their bodies, presumably to conceal them from predators and parasites.[3]

Genera

The following list[4] is currently subject to review:

Acizzia
Agonoscena
Allocarsidara
Arytainilla
Blastopsylla
Boreioglycaspis
Cacopsylla
Cryptoneossa
Ctenarytaina
Diaphorina
Eucalyptolyma
Euphyllura
Glycaspis
Heteropsylla
Prosopidopsylla
Psylla
Psyllopsis
Retroacizzia
Tetragonocephela

Higher taxonomy

Some genera, including agriculturally important pest species, have been classed as Psyllidae, but may now classified in the family Triozidae.
Coevolution
Red lerps (Austrochardia acaciae) on Mulga, Central Australia

Insect-plant interactions have been important in defining models of coevolution and cospeciation, referring to whether plant speciation drives insect speciation and vice versa, though most herbivorous insects probably evolved long after the plants on which they feed.
Status as pests
Psyllid pest of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing, associated with the presence of a bacterium Liberibacter asiaticum, is an example of a plant pathogen that has coevolved with its insect vector, the "Asian citrus psyllid", ACP, Diaphorina citri, such that the pathogen causes little or no harm to the insect, but causes a major disease which can reduce citrus quality, flavor, and production, as well as causing citrus trees to die. ACP was found in Florida in 1998, and has since spread across the southern US into Texas. This disease was found in Florida citrus groves in 2005. Management methods to reduce the spread of this disease and psyllid populations depend on an integrated pest management approach using insecticides, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens specific to ACP. Due to the spread of citrus greening worldwide and the growing importance of psyllid-spread diseases, an International Psyllid Genome Consortium was established.[5] Insect genomics provides important information on the genetic basis of the pest's biology which may be altered to suppress psyllid populations in an environmentally friendly manner. The emerging psyllid genome continues to elucidate psyllid biology, expanding what is known about gene families, genetic variation, and gene expression in insects. Thus far, two new psyllid viruses have been discovered, and are being examined as potential biological control agents to reduce psyllid populations. Psyllid cell cultures have also been established by several researchers working with virus propagation, and as a system to propagate C. liberibacter for molecular studies on infection and replication. Studies on the microbiota have also identified four new species of bacteria. Thus far, 10 microbial organisms have been identified within these psyllids, among them the primary endosymbiont, whose genome has been sequenced and posted at the NCBI database, as well as a Wolbachia species.

References

Cirrus Digital Hackberry Psyllid
Bugguide.net Pachypsylla species
Oppong, C. K.; Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, M. J.; Wessels, D. C. J. (2010). "Nymphal Behaviour and Lerp Construction in the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani(Hemiptera: Psyllidae)". African Invertebrates. 51: 201–206. doi:10.5733/afin.051.0105.
Ouvrard D, The World Psylloidea Database: Psyllidae (in French, English, Spanish, and German)

International Psyllid Genome Consortium

Oppong, C. K.; Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, M. J.; Wessels, D. C. J. (2009). "Distribution of the Eggs of the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the Mopane Tree". African Invertebrates. 50: 185–190. doi:10.5733/afin.050.0107.
Burckhardt, D.; Kotrba, M. (2009). "A Review of Afrotropical Plant-Lice of the Genus Moraniella, with Description of a New Species (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae: Rhinocolinae)". African Invertebrates. 50 (2): 287. doi:10.5733/afin.050.0206.
Marutani-Hert, M.; Hunter, W. B.; Hall, D. G. (2009). "Establishment of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) primary cultures". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal. 45 (7): 317. doi:10.1007/s11626-009-9188-3. S2CID 9939277.
Marutani-Hert, M.; Hunter, W. B.; Katsar, C. S.; Sinisterra, X. H.; Hall, D. G.; Powell, C. A. (2009). "Reovirus-Like Sequences Isolated from Adult Asian Citrus Psyllid, (Hemiptera: Psyllidae:Diaphorina citri)". Florida Entomologist. 92 (2): 314. doi:10.1653/024.092.0216.
Hunter, WB; Dowd, SE; Katsar, CS; Shatters Jr, RG; McKenzie, CL; Hall, DG. (2009). "Psyllid biology: expressed genes in adult "Asian citrus psyllid", Diaphorina citri Kuwayama". The Open Entomology Journal. 3: 18–29. doi:10.2174/1874407900903010018.
Boykin, L. M.; Bagnall, R. A. N.; Frohlich, D. R.; Hall, D. G.; Hunter, W. B.; Katsar, C. S.; McKenzie, C. L.; Rosell, R. C.; Shatters Jr., R. G. (2007). "Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the vector for citrus greening disease, huanglongbing". Molecular Ecology Notes. 7 (6): 1202. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01831.x.
Avery, P. B.; Hunter, W. B.; Hall, D. G.; Jackson, M. A.; Powell, C. A.; Rogers, M. E. (2009). "Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Infection and Dissemination of the Entomopathogenic FungusIsaria fumosorosea(Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Under Laboratory Conditions". Florida Entomologist. 92 (4): 608. doi:10.1653/024.092.0413.