Dolichopodidae

Dolichopodidae sp.

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Antliophora
Ordo: Diptera
Subordo: Brachycera
Infraordo: Asilomorpha
Superfamilia: Empidoidea

Familia: Dolichopodidae
Dolichopodidae sensu stricto :
Subfamiliae (16): Achalcinae – Babindellinae – Diaphorinae – Dolichopodinae – Enliniinae – Hydrophorinae – Medeterinae – Neurigoninae – Peloropeodinae – Plagioneurinae – Rhaphiinae – Sciapodinae – Stolidosomatinae – Sympycninae – Tenuopodinae – Xanthochlorinae
incertae sedis: Acropsilus – Anepsiomyia – Haplopharyngomyia – Haromyia – Hurleyella – Nematoproctus – Nggela – Notobothrus – Phrudoneura – Pseudohercostomus – Urodolichus – †Prosystenus – †Sympycnites
...

Dolichopodidae sensu lato:
Subfamiliae (2): Microphorinae – Parathalassiinae
incertae sedis: †Avenaphora

Overview of genera (264 + 24†)

A

Abatetia – Abbemyia – Achalcus – Achradocera – Acropsilus – Acymatopus – Adachia – Afrohercostomus – Afroparaclius – Afropelastoneurus – Ahercostomus – Ahypophyllus – Alishanimyia – Allohercostomus – Amblypsilopus – Amesorhaga – Amphithalassius – Anahydrophorus – Anasyntormon – Anepsiomyia – Antyx – Apelastoneurus – Aphalacrosoma – Aphasmaphleps – Aphrosylopsis – Aphrosylus – Apterachalcus – Arabshamshevia – Arachnomyia – Arciellia – Argentinia – Argyra – Argyrochlamys – Asioligochaetus – Asyndetus – Atlatlia – Australachalcus – Austrosciapus
B

Babindella – Bickelia – Bickeliolus – Bickelomyia – Binatangia – Brevimyia
C

Calyxochaetus – Campsicnemus – Cemocarus – Ceratopos – Chaetogonopteron – Cheiromyia – Chimerothalassius – Chrysosoma – Chrysotimus – Chrysotus – Coeloglutus – Colobocerus – Conchopus – Condylostylus – Coracocephalus – Corindia – Craterophorus – Cremmus – Cryptophleps – Cryptopygiella – Cymatopus – Cyrturella
D

Dactylomyia – Dactylonotus – Demetera – Diaphorus – Diostracus – Discopygiella – Dolichophorus – Dolichopus – Dominicomyia – Dubius – Dytomyia
E

Elmoia – Emiratomyia – Enlinia – Eothalassius – Epithalassius – Erebomyia – Ethiosciapus – Ethiromyia – Eucoryphus – Eurynogaster – Euxiphocerus
F

Falbouria – Fedtshenkomyia – Filatopus
G

Gigantosciapus – Griphophanes – Grootaertia – Guzeriplia – Gymnopternus
H

Hadromerella – Halteriphorus – Haplopharyngomyia – Harmstonia – Haromyia – Helichochaetus – Helixocerus – Hercostomoides – Hercostomus – Heteropsilopus – Humongochela – Hurleyella – Hydatostega – Hydrophorus – Hypocharassus – Hyptiocheta
I

Ischiochaetus
K

Katangaia – Keirosoma – Kowmungia – Krakatauia
L

Lamprochromus – Lapita – Liancalomina – Liancalus – Lichtwardtia – Liparomyia – Lyroneurus
M

Machaerium – Macrodactylomyia – Maipomyia – Major – Maipomyia – Mascaromyia – Mberu – Medetera – Medeterella – Melanderia – Melanostolus – Mesorhaga – Metaparaclius – Meuffelsia – Microchrysotus – Microcyrtura – Micromedetera – Micromorphus – Microphor – Microphorella – Micropygus – Minjerribah – Muscidideicus
N

Nanomyina – Nanothinophilus – Narrabeenia – Naticornus – Naufraga – Negrobovia – Negrobovus – Nematoproctus – Neochrysotimus – Neohercostomus – Neomedetera – Neoparentia – Neothalassius – Neotonnoiria – Nepalomyia – Neurigona – Nggela – Ngirhaphium – Nikitella – Nothorhaphium – Notobothrus – Nurteria
O

Oedematopiella – Oedematopus – Olegonegrobovia – Oncopygius – Orthoceratium – Ortochile – Ostenia
P

Papallacta – Paraclius – Paracoeloglutus – Parahercostomus – Paraliancalus – Paraliptus – Paralleloneurum – Paramedetera – Paraphrosylus – Parasyntormon – Parathalassius – Parentia – Pelastoneurus – Peloropeodes – Peodes – Phacaspis – Pharcoura – Phasmaphleps – Phoomyia – Phrudoneura – Physopyga – Pilbara – Pinacocerus – Pindaia – Plagioneurus – Plagiozopelma – Platyopsis – Plesiothalassius – Poecilobothrus – Pouebo – Protomedetera – Pseudargyra – Pseudargyrochlamys – Pseudohercostomus – Pseudoparaclius – Pseudoparentia – Pseudopelastoneurus – Pseudosympycnus – Pseudoxanthochlorus
R

Rhaphium – Rhynchoschizus
S

Saccopheronta – Scelloides – Scellus – Scepastopyga – Schistostoma – Sciapus – Scorpiurus – Scotiomyia – Setihercostomus – Shamshevia – Sigmatineurum – Sinosciapus – Somillus – Sphyrotarsus – Srilankamyia – Stenopygium – Stolidosoma – Suschania – Sweziella – Sybistroma – Symbolia – Sympycnidelphus – Sympycnus – Syntormon – Systenoides – Systenomorphus – Systenoneurus – Systenus
T

Tachytrechus – Telmaturgus – Teneriffa – Tenuopus – Terpsimyia – Tetrachaetus – Teuchophorus – Thalassophorus – Thambemyia – Thinolestris – Thinophilus – Thrypticus – Trigonocera
U

Udzungwomyia – Urodolichus – Uropachys
V

Vetimicrotes – Viridigona
X

Xanthina – Xanthochlorus
Y

Yumbera
†

†Archichrysotus – †Avenaphora – †Cretomicrophorus – †Curvus – †Electrophorella – †Fushuniregis – †Leptodolichopodites – †Medeterites – †Meghyperiella – †Microphorites – †Orilabia – †Palaeoargyra – †Palaeomedeterus – †Palaeosystenus – †Paleothrypticus – †Pristinmicrophor – †Prochrysotus – †Prohercostomus – †Prosystenus – †Salishomyia – †Sympycnites – †Systenites – †Retinitus – †Wheelerenomyia
Name

Dolichopodidae Latreille, 1809
Synonymy

Dolichopodes Latreille, 1809: 239, 290

References
Primary references

Latreille, P.A. 1809. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Tomus quartus et ultimus. Parisiis: A. Koenig, 399 pp. BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Bickel, D.J. 2019. Minjerribah (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), a new genus from coastal Queensland, Australia. Zootaxa 4686(4): 593–599. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.8 Paywall. Reference page.
Bickel, D.J. 2020. Nggela (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), a new genus from the Solomon Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 134: 1–6. PDF. Reference page.
Bickel, D.J. & Dyte, C.E. 1989. Family Dolichopodidae. pp. 398–418. In: Evenhuis, N.L. (ed.) A catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian region. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu & E.J. Brill, Leiden. 1155 pp. PDF. Reference page.
Bickel, D.J. & Martin, J. 2020. Binatangia (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) a new genus from Papua New Guinea In: Robillard, T., Legendre, F., Villemant, C. & Leponce, M. (eds.) Insects of Mount Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea - volume 2. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 214: 363–375. ISBN 978-2-85653-836-4. Reference page.
Bramuzzo, S. & Nel, A. 2017. Youngest representative of the extinct genus Microphorites in the Eocene amber of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Microphorinae). Zootaxa 4231(4): 590–594. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.4.11 Paywall. Reference page.
Capellari, R.S. 2016. Family DOLICHOPODIDAE. In: Wolff, M.I., Nihei, S.S. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de (eds.), Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia. Zootaxa 4122(1): 404–413. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.36 Paywall. Reference page.
Capellari, R.S. & Bickel, D.J. 2020. New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (I): the enigmatic genus Notobothrus Parent. Journal of Insect Biodiversity 15(1): 16–21. DOI: 10.12976/jib/2020.15.1.3 Paywall. Reference page. [not seen]
Evenhuis, N.L. & Bickel, D.J. 2021. Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Dolichopodidae genus-group names (Insecta: Diptera). In: Evenhuis,N.L. & Pape, T. (eds.) Systema Dipterorum Nomenclatural Notes. I. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 141: 5–11. PDF. Reference page.
Grichanov, I.Ya. 2015. New species of Cryptophleps Lichtwardt (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) with a key to the Afrotropical and Palaearctic species of the genus. Zootaxa 4007(2): 259–266. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.2.8 Preview (PDF). Reference page.
Grichanov, I.Ya. 2018. A new subfamily of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) for Tenuopus Curran, 1924 with description of new species from Tropical Africa. Far Eastern Entomologist 365: 1–25. DOI: 10.25221/fee.365.1 Open access. Reference page.
Grichanov, I.Ya. & Mostovski, M.B. 2009. Long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) in the collection of the Natal Museum: A review of C.H. Curran's types, new synonyms, and new combinations. Zootaxa 2194(1): 37–53. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2194.1.3 Paywall. Reference page.
Grootaert, P. & Puniamoorthy, J. 2014. Revision of Ngirhaphium (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with the description of two new species from Singapore's mangroves. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 146–160. Full article (PDF).
Kaae, M.E., Grichanov, I.Ya. & Pape, T. 2015. A new species of Pseudoparaclius Grichanov (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania, and a key to Afrotropical species. Zootaxa 4018(1): 137–145. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4018.1.8 Preview (PDF). Reference page.
Kazerani, F., Khaghaninia, S., Talebi, A.A., Persson, M. & Pollet, M. 2017. Eight new species of Dolichopodinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from northern Iran. Zootaxa 4242(1): 111–141. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.6 Paywall. Reference page.
Liu, R., Wang, M-Q. & Yang, D. 2015. Three new species of Diaphorus Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Tibet. Zootaxa 3946(2): 233–240. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.2.5. Preview (PDF). Reference page.
Naglis, S.M. 2011. Revision of the genus Oedematopus (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) with the description of a new genus and a key to the Neotropical genera of Hydrophorinae. Zootaxa 2756: 40–52. Preview (PDF).
Naglis, S. & Barták, M. 2015. Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from the Iberian Peninsula, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 3964(1): 125–137. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3964.1.9 Preview (PDF). Reference page.
Nel, A., Garrouste, R. & Daugeron, C. 2017. Two new long-legged flies in the Santonian amber of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Cretaceous Research 69: 1–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.08.009 Paywall. Manuscript version (PDF). Reference page. [Avenaphora placed as Dolichopodidae sensu lato, subfamily undetermined]
Ngô-Muller, V., Garrouste, R. & Nel, A. 2020. The oldest long-legged fly of the subfamily Medeterinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from the Early Eocene of France. Palaeoentomology 3(2): 173–179. DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.2.6 Paywall. Reference page.
Pollet, M. & Ivković, M. 2018. Dolichopodidae of riverbeds and springs in Croatia with an updated checklist of Croatia (Diptera). Zootaxa 4455(3): 401–428. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.3.1 Paywall Reference page.
Pollet, M. & Stark, A. 2018. The quest for the identity of Orthoceratium lacustre (Scopoli, 1763) reveals centuries of misidentifications (Diptera, Dolichopodidae). ZooKeys 782: 49–79. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.782.26329 Open access Reference page.
Runyon, J.B. 2015. Haromyia, a new genus of long-legged flies from Dominica (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Zootaxa 3964(5): 589–595. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3964.5.10 Paywall. Preview (PDF). Reference page.
Runyon, J.B. & Robinson, H. 2010. Hurleyella, a new genus of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera). Zootaxa 2400: 57–65. Preview PDF. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2400.1.6 Open access. Reference page.
Tang, C-F., Yang, D. & Grootaert, P. 2018. Revision of the genus Lichtwardtia Enderlein in Southeast Asia, a tale of highly diverse male terminalia (Diptera, Dolichopodidae). Zookeys 798: 63–107. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.798.28107 Open access Reference page.
Wang, M., Evenhuis, N.L., Ji, Y., Yang, D. & Zhang, L. 2021. Negrobovus, a new genus from the Philippines (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sympycninae). Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society 92: 37–41. DOI: 10.1016/10.47640/1605-7678_2021_92_37 [nonfunctional] Broken access. PDF. Reference page.
Yang, D. 1997a. Five New Species of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Longwang Mountain, Zhejiang, Southeastern China. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 44(2): 147–153. DOI: 10.1002/mmnd.19970440206 Paywall. Reference page.
Yang, D., Zhang, K.-Y., Yao, G. & Zhang, J.-H. 2007. World catalog of Empididae (Insecta: Diptera). China Agricultural University Press, Beijing. 599 pp. ISBN 978-7-81117-423-6 [not seen]. Reference page.
Yang, D., Zhang, L.-L., Wang, M.-Q. & Zhu, Y.-J. 2011. Diptera: Dolichopodidae. Fauna Sinica, Insecta, Vol. 53. Science Press, Beijing, 1912 pp. ISBN 978-7-03-030198-7. [In Chinese, with English summary]. Reference page.
Yang, D., Zhu, Y.-J., Wang, M.-Q. & Zhang, L.-L. 2006. World catalog of Dolichopodidae (Insecta: Diptera). China Agricultural University Press, Beijing. 704 pp. ISBN 9787811171020 [not seen] Reference page.

Links

Brooks, S.E., Cumming, J.F. Pollet, M.A.A. 2005. Checklist of Dolichopodidae s.str. (Diptera) of America North of Mexico. (1st edition). 18 pp. PDF.
Evenhius, N.L. 2014. Family Dolichopodidae. In: Catalog of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera) website. Available at: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fossilcat/fossdolicho.html. Version 2.0.
Evenhius, N.L. 2016. Family Dolichopodidae. In: Evenhuis, N.L. (ed.) Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. (online version). Available at: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/doli.html (Last accessed: 16 September 2020).
A checklist of species of the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of the World arranged by alphabetic list of generic names, by Igor Grichanov. Dolichopodidae Homepage. Retrieved 10 October 2019.

Vernacular names
English: Long-legged fly
suomi: Kiilukärpäset
日本語: アシナガバエ科
русский: мухи-зеленушки
中文: 长足虻科

Dolichopodidae, the long-legged flies, are a large, cosmopolitan family of true flies with more than 7,000 described species in about 230 genera. The genus Dolichopus is the most speciose, with some 600 species.

Dolichopodidae generally are small flies with large, prominent eyes and a metallic cast to their appearance, though there is considerable variation among the species. Most have long legs, though some do not. In many species, the males have unusually large genitalia which are taxonomically useful in identifying species. Most adults are predatory on other small animals, though some may scavenge or act as kleptoparasites of spiders or other predators.

An expanded concept of the family (Dolichopodidae sensu lato) includes the subfamilies Parathalassiinae and Microphorinae. The latter of these was formerly placed in the Empididae, and was at one time considered a separate family (Microphoridae).[5] However, some authors propose instead that Dolichopodidae s.l. should be known as the epifamily Dolichopodoidae, containing Dolichopodidae, Microphoridae (restored as a family) and the subfamily Parathalassiinae.[6]
Austrosciapus connexus—a typical example of green Dolichopodidae

Description

For clarification of technical terms see Morphology of Diptera

Dolichopodidae are a family of flies ranging in size from minute to medium-sized (1mm to 9mm). They have characteristically long and slender legs, though their leg length is not as striking as in families such as the Tipulidae. Their posture often is stilt-like standing high on their legs, with the body almost erect. In colour most species have a green-to-blue metallic lustre, but various other species are dull yellow, brown or black.

The frons in both sexes is broad. The eyes are separated on the frons of males, except in some species of Diaphorus and Chrysotus in which eyes touch above the antennal insertion.[7] On the heads of most species the ocellar bristles and outer vertical bristles are well developed. The face of some species is entire; in others it is divided into two sections: the epistoma and the clypeus. The largest antennal segment is the third; in most species it bears a long arista, which is apical in some species, dorsal in others. In most species the mouthparts are short and have a wide aperture as an adaptation for sucking small prey.

The legs are gracile and the tibiae usually bear long bristles. In some genera the legs are raptorial. In some species the tibiae of the males have modifications.
Dolichopodidae wing veins. This is one major type, with M1 bent and M2 present, though often incomplete. In another type, M2 is absent and M1 more or less straight
Photograph of a Dolichopodidae wing, showing the R4+5 vein[8]

The wings of most species are clear or tinged, but some species have wings that are patterned in strong colours or with distinct spots. There are three radial veins (R1, R2+3, R4+5). The medial vein M1+2 is simple or rarely furcate, as in the genus Sciapus. The anterior cross-vein is in the basal part of the wing. The posterior basal wing cell and the discoidal wing cell are always fused. The anal cell of the wing is always small. There are two veins branching from cross-vein DM-Cu in the direction of the wing margin; the upper one in some species curves strongly or forks into M1 and M2. R4+5 are simple, and costa ends near or at M1/M1+2, or continues along the wing margin. The point of origin of Rs is at or very close to h.[8]
Photograph of genetalia of a male Empis vitripennis. Note the asymmetrical tergite 8 on the left side of the epiandrium[8]
Longlegged Fly Dolichopodidae (Condylostylus patibulatus)
Condylostylus patibulatus

The abdomen is elongate-conical or flat. The genitalia of the male often are free and borne on a petiole, with tergite 8 being asymmetrical, lying on the left side of the epandrium. They are also rotated dextrally between 90° and 180°, including segment 8 and sometimes segment 7, which makes them distinguishable from the family Hybotidae.[8] Males of most species have well developed gonopods of two or three lobes on the distal margin of the epandrium. The gonopods may fuse with the epandrium in genera such as Hydrophorus, Thrypticus and Argyra, or there may be a suture, as in the genera Porphyrops, Xiphandrium and Rhaphium. In some genera, such as Hypophyllus and Tachytrechus, the surstyli are well-developed as secondary outgrowths of the epandrium. In genera such as Tachytrechus, there are two pairs of surstyli—one proximal and one distal. The hypandrium in most species is a small sclerite, which may be asymmetrical as in the genera Porphyrops and Tachytrechus. Males of many species have highly developed cerci. Development of the phallus varies considerably between genera.
Dolichopodidae, cf. genus Medetera, typical of brown species inhabiting bark of damaged trees. Characteristic head-up, stilt-legged posture
Biology

Adults of the Dolichopodidae live largely in grassy places and shrubbery. The flies occur in a wide range of habitats, near water or in meadows, woodland edges and in gardens. Some groups are confined to wet places including sands on the banks of water bodies; examples include genera such as Porphyrops, Tachytrechus, Campsicnemus, and Teuchophorus. No truly aquatic species have been described, but many are semi-aquatic and live in or near water margins. A small number of species develop on the shores of saline inland bodies of water or the intertidal zone of seashores. An example of a species that develop close to water is P. nobilitatus, they can be found congregating around lakes and ponds. Other groups are found on trunks of trees damaged by bark beetles. Adults often are seen in a characteristic predatory posture standing high on their legs on the ground or on vegetation, tree trunks or rocks, and some species walk about on the surface of still water.

The adults are predators, feeding on small invertebrates including Collembola, aphids, and the larvae of Oligochaeta. Species of the genus Dolichopus commonly prey on the larvae of mosquitoes.

The larvae occupy a wide range of habitats. Many are predators of small invertebrates and generally live in moist environments such as soil, moist sand, or rotting organic matter. Genera such as Medetera live as predators under tree bark or in the tunnels of bark beetles. Larvae of the genus Thrypticus are unusual among Dolichopodidae, in that they are phytophagous and live in the stems of reeds and other monocots near water.
Behaviour
Foraging and nuptial behaviour of Poecilobothrus nobilitatus (video, 2m 58s)

Many studies have shown that Dolichopodidae give visual, rather than chemical or other signals during courtship.[9] The males of many species exhibit elaborate secondary sexual characters assumed to aid in species recognition during courtship. These characters include flaglike flattening of the arista and tarsi, strongly modified setae and projections of the tarsi, the prolongation and deformation of podomeres, orientated silvery pruinosity, and maculation or modification of the wings.
Evolution and systematics
Kleptoparasitic Microphor holosericeus (Microphorinae) feeding on captured prey of a spider

Dolichopodids are well represented in amber deposits throughout the world and the group has clearly been well distributed since the Cretaceous at the latest. Together with the Empididae they are the most advanced members of the Empidoidea. They represent the bulk of Empidoidea diversity, and include more than two-thirds of the known species in their superfamily.

Taxonomic interrelationships within the Dolichopodidae, and their delimitation from the Empididae, are not yet satisfactorily resolved. It is likely that many of the subfamilies currently within the Dolichopodidae will undergo drastic revision.[10]

Based on the most recent phylogenetic studies, the relationship between Dolichopodidae and other members of Empidoidea is as follows. The placement of Dolichopodidae is emphasized in bold formatting.

Atelestidae

	Atelestinae

	Nemedininae

Hybotidae

Bicellariinae

	Hybotinae

	Oedaleinae

Ocydromiinae

Trichininae

Tachydromiinae

	Tachydromiini

	Symballaphthalmini

Drapetini

Dolichopodidae

Ragadidae

	Iteaphilinae

	Ragadinae

Empididae

Clinocerinae

Brachystomatinae

	Brachystomatini

	Ceratomerini

	Trichopezini

Empidinae

	Chelipodini

	Empidini

	Hemerodromiini

	Hilarini

Identification

Negrobov, P. and Stackelberg, A. A. Family Dolichopodidae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision.
Parent, O., 1938 Diptères Dolichopodidae. Paris: Éditions Faune de France 35. virtuelle numérique

Species lists

Palaearctic species list
Nearctic species list
Australasian and Oceanian species list
Japan species list