Dolania

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Ordo: Ephemeroptera
Subordo: Furcatergalia
Infraordo: Palpotarsa
Superfamilia: Behningioidea
Familia: Behningiidae
Genera: Dolania
Species: Dolania americana
Name

Dolania Edmunds & Traver, 1959.
References
Edmunds, G.F., Jr. & J.R. Traver. 1959. "The classification of the Ephemeroptera. I. Ephemeroidea: Behningiidae." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 52:46.

Dolania is a monotypic genus of mayfly in the family Behningiidae containing the single species Dolania americana.[2] It is found in the southeastern United States, as far south as Florida, and is generally uncommon.[3] The adult insects emerge before dawn in early summer, mate and die within the space of about thirty minutes. The female deposits her eggs in the water and dies within five minutes of emergence, believed to be the shortest adult lifespan of any insect.[4]

Description

The adult Dolania americana has a pale brownish-purple body and membranous wings that are 10 to 13 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) in length. The legs of both male and females are vestigial, thin and twisted, but appear to retain some function. The cerci are longer and more robust than the terminal filaments. The penis of the male is twice as long as the genital forceps.[3]

The body of the nymph is cylindrical with a flattened head. The antennae are on the ventral side of the head and the small mandibles do not bear any tusks. The sides of the head and the prothorax are spiny. None of the legs have claws; the front pair are palp-like and the remaining pairs are spiny and protect the gills, which are on the ventral surface of the abdomen. The abdomen is densely covered with bristles. The first abdominal segment has a pair of single gills and the other segments bear further pairs of rather smaller, bifid gills. There are three tail filaments at the tip of the abdomen.[3]
Distribution and habitat

Dolania americana is found in the streams and rivers of the coastal plains of the southeastern United States. The nymph burrows into the sandy riverbed and the adults appear briefly flying over the water surface.[5]
Biology

In Florida, the adults emerge at the end of April or in early May,[3] and in South Carolina, in the first half of June. When ready to transform, the nymphs swim to the surface, split their skin, transform into the subimago winged form, and fly off, all in the course of ten to twenty seconds. The exuviae (nymphal skin) float away downstream.[5] Their emergence is synchronised and the males emerge first, about one and a half hours before sunrise. Male subimagos moult but the females, which emerge soon after the males, remain in the subimago form.[6]

Having moulted into the adult form within about five minutes of emergence, the males patrol a stretch of river about 15 to 20 metres (49 to 66 ft) long, seeking out females with which to mate. They continue to do this until they drown, having fallen into the water from exhaustion. Upon emergence, the females mate, deposit their eggs into the water and die within the course of about five minutes.[5] All the mayflies die within about thirty minutes of emergence.[5]

The eggs are about 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter, among the largest of eggs laid by mayflies. The nymphs that hatch out of these burrow into the sediment on the bed of the river using their forelegs and head. Their usual habitat is fairly clean sand in an area with rapidly moving water. They feed on the larvae of chironomids and ceratopogonids. By autumn they are about one third grown and complete their development within a year.[3]
References

"Dolania Edmunds and Traver, 1959". ITIS. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
"Genus Dolania – American Sand-burrowing Mayfly". BugGuide.Net. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
Edmunds, George F. Jr.; Jensen, Steven L.; Berner, Lewis (1976). The Mayflies of North and Central America. University of Minnesota Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-8166-5756-8.
Welch, Craig H. (April 17, 1998). "Chapter 37: Shortest reproductive life". Book of Insect Records. University of Florida. Archived from the original on July 30, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Sweeney, Bernard W.; Vannote, Robin L. (1982). "Population Synchrony in Mayflies: A Predator Satiation Hypothesis". Evolution. 36 (4): 810–822. doi:10.2307/2407894. JSTOR 2407894. PMID 28568232.
Peters, William L.; Peters, Janice G. (1977). "Adult life and emergence of Dolania americana in Northwestern Florida (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae)". Hydrobiology. 62 (3): 409–438. doi:10.1002/iroh.1977.3510620306.