Bracon

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Cladus: Pancrustacea
Cladus: Allotriocarida
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Holometabola
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Ichneumonoidea

Familia: Braconidae
Subfamilia: Braconinae
Tribus: Braconini
Genus: Bracon
Name

Bracon Fabricius, 1804

Type-species: Ichneumon minutator Fabricius, 1798.
Subgenera (16):

B. (Asiabracon) – B. (Bracon) – B. (Cyanopterobracon) – B. (Foveobracon) – B. (Glabrobracon) – B. (Lucobracon) – B. (Ophthalmobracon) – B. (Orientobracon) – B. (Orthobracon) – B. (Osculobracon) – B. (Palpibracon) – B. (Pappobracon) – B. (Pigeria) – B. (Pilibracon) – B. (Punctobracon) – B. (Rostrobracon) – B. (Sculptobracon) – B. (Uncobracon)
Overview of species

B. agathis – B. alejandromarini – B. alejandromasisi – B. alexamasisae – B. allevatus – B. andreamezae – B. andresmarini – B. andrewwalshi – B. anniapicadoae – B. anniemoriceae – B. barryhammeli – B. bernardoespinozai – B. carlossanabriai – B. chanchini – B. christophervallei – B. confusus – B. erasmocoronadoi – B. eugeniephillipsae – B. federicomatarritai – B. frankjoycei – B. franklinpaniaguai – B. gerardovegai – B. germanvegai – B. guillermoblancoi – B. hebetor – B. isidrochaconi – B. jimlewisi – B. josejaramilloi – B. juanjoseoviedoi – B. juliodiazi – B. kasparyani – B. kimchanghyoi – B. kotenkoi – B. luzmariaromeroae – B. manuelzumbadoi – B. marialuisariasae – B. mariamartachavarriae – B. mariorivasi – B. melissaespinozae – B. nelsonzamorai – B. nicklaphami – B. ninamasisae – B. oliverwalshi – B. oscarmasisi – B. paulamarinae – B. pauldimaurai – B. perspicillatus – B. phylacteophagus – B. planitibiae – B. rafagutierrezi – B. rafamoralesi – B. robertofernandezi – B. rogerblancoi – B. ronaldzunigai – B. santachezae – B. shebadimaurae – B. sigifredomarini – B. tihisiaboshartae – B. variegator – B. wilberthbrizuelai – B. yeogisanensis
Fossil species

†Bracon abstractus Brues 1910
†Bracon antefurcalis Belokobylskij 2014
†Bracon brodiei Belokobylskij 2014
†Bracon cockerelli Brues 1910
†Bracon diffusiventre Théobald 1937
†Bracon induratum Théobald 1937
†Bracon laceolata Zhang 1989
†Bracon laminarum Scudder 1878
†Bracon macrostigma von Heyden 1858
†Bracon micrarche Cockerell 1921
†Bracon pallidus Heer 1867
†Bracon praeteritus Förster 1891
†Bracon resurrectus Brues 1910
†Bracon rottensis Meunier 1915
†Bracon vasseuri Meunier 1914

Synonyms

Amicoplidea
Brachon
Braco
Brazon
Chivinia
Kulczynskia
Liobracon
Lorenzoa
Macrodyctium
Microbracon
Seliodus
Striobracon
Tropidobracon

References

Fabricius, J.C. 1804. Systema Piezatorum. Carolum Reichard, Brunsviga. 439 pp. BHL. Reference page.
Achterberg, C., van; Hosaka, T.; Ng, Y.F.; Ghani, I.B.A. 2009: The braconid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) associated with seeds of Dipterocarpaceae in Malaysia. Journal of natural history, 43: 635–686. DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610501
Ameri, A. et al. 2014: Study of the genus Bracon Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of southern Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3754(4): 353–380. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.2 Reference page.
Cao, L-M., Wang, X-Y., Gould, J-R., Li, F., Zhang, Y-L. & Yang, Z-Q. 2019. Bracon planitibiae sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a new parasitoid of Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Zootaxa 4671(3): 427–433. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.3.8 Paywall Reference page.
Maeto, K., 1991: Braconid parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the gall-making Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) in Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology 59: 295–313.
Maeto, M. & T. Uesato, 2007: A new species of Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on alien sweetpotato weevils in the south-west islands of Japan. Entomological Science 10: 55–63.
Beyarslan, A.; Erdoğan, Ö.Ç. 2012: The Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Turkey, with new locality records and descriptions of two new species of Bracon Fabricius, 1804. Zootaxa 3343: 45–56. Preview Reference page.
Perioto, N.W. et al. 2011: A new phytophagous Bracon Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) associated with Protium ovatum Engl. (Burseraceae) fruits from Brazilian savannah. Zootaxa 3000: 59–65. Preview Reference page.
Samartsev, K.G. 2018. New species of the subfamily Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the Russian Far East. Zootaxa 4388(2): 238–254. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.2.6 Reference page.
Samartsev, K. & Ku, D-S. 2020. New species of the genera Bracon Fabricius and Syntomernus Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Braconinae) from South Korea. ZooKeys, 999: 1–47. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.999.58747 Open access Reference page.
Sharkey, M.J., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Chapman, E.G., Smith, M.A., Dapkey, T., Brown, A., Ratnasingham, S., Naik, S., Manjunath, R., Perez, K., Miltom, M., Hebert, P., Shaw, S.R., Kittel, R.N., Solis, M.A., Metz, M.A., Goldstein, P.Z., Brown, J.W., Quicke, D.L.J., van Achterberg, C., Brown, B.V. & Burns, J.M. 2021. Minimalist revision and description of 403 new species in 11 subfamilies of Costa Rican braconid parasitoid wasps, including host records for 219 species. ZooKeys 1013: 1–665. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1013.55600. Open access. Reference page.
Sharkey, M.J., Baker, A., McCluskey, K., Smith, A., Naik, S., Ratnasingham, S., Manjunath, R., Perez, K., Sones, J., D'Souza, M., St. Jacques, B., Hebert, P., Hallwachs, W. & Janzen, D. 2021. Addendum to a minimalist revision of Costa Rican Braconidae: 28 new species and 23 host records. ZooKeys 1075ː 77–136. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1075.72197 Open access Reference page.

Bracon is a genus of wasps in the Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps. There are several hundred described species but there are thousands still undescribed.[1] The genus is cosmopolitan, distributed throughout the world, with most of the described species occurring in the Palearctic realm.[1]

These wasps are mostly ectoparasitoids, with the larvae developing on the outside of the body of the host. Recorded hosts include the larvae of many species of lepidopterans, beetles, flies, hymenopterans, and true bugs.[1] They are idiobionts, halting the development of the host when they lay eggs on its body. Some Bracon wasps are specific to one host species, and some are known to utilize many different hosts.[2] The eggs of the wasp can be very hardy. In one report, Bracon wasps oviposited on tortrix moth larvae, which then entered privet seeds and were consumed by birds along with the fruit. The wasp eggs were later excreted and the larvae emerged.[3]

This large genus has been divided into several subgenera, some of which are further divided into species-groups.[4] A DNA analysis showed that the genus is paraphyletic, that its subgenera and other defined groups are not all valid on a molecular basis, and that revising it into informal groups would be more practical.[5] Other authors still divide the genus into subgenera using morphological characters to make identification easier.[6]

Most of the thousands of species that fit into this genus have not yet been described, but even the number of named species is unclear, with estimates ranging from 500[7] to 1000.[5]

Species include:[8]
Bracon hebetor

Bracon acrobasidis
Bracon agathymi
Bracon americanus
Bracon analcidis
Bracon angelesius
Bracon apicatus
Bracon argutator
Bracon bembeciae
Bracon brachyurus
Bracon brevicornis
Bracon canadensis
Bracon caulicola
Bracon cephi
Bracon cinctus
Bracon connecticutorum
Bracon cuscutae
Bracon cushmani
Bracon erucarum
Bracon furtivus
Bracon gastroideae
Bracon gelechiae
Bracon gemmaecola
Bracon geraei
Bracon gossypii
Bracon gracilis
Bracon hebetor
Bracon helianthi
Bracon hemimenae
Bracon hobomok
Bracon hyslopi
Bracon jani
Bracon kirkpatricki
Bracon konkapoti
Bracon laemosacci
Bracon lineatellae
Bracon lissogaster
Bracon lutus
Bracon mellitor
Bracon metacomet
Bracon minutator
Bracon montowesi
Bracon nanus
Bracon nevadensis
Bracon niger
Bracon nuperus
Bracon oenotherae
Bracon palliventris
Bracon papaipemae
Bracon pascuensis
Bracon piceiceps
Bracon piger
Bracon pini
Bracon podunkorum
Bracon predatorius Ranjith & Quicke, 2022 [9]
Bracon quinnipiacorum
Bracon radicis
Bracon rhyssomati
Bracon rosaceani
Bracon rufomarginatus
Bracon sanninoideae
Bracon scanticorum
Bracon sesiae
Bracon sphenophori
Bracon sulcifrons
Bracon tachypteri
Bracon tenuiceps
Bracon tenuis
Bracon terebella
Bracon tychii
Bracon uncas
Bracon variabilis
Bracon vulgaris[10]
Bracon wawequa
Bracon xanthonotus

References

Ameri, A., et al. (2013). Study of the genus Bracon Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Southern Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3754(4), 353-80.
Žikić, V., et al. (2012). Checklist of the genus Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Serbia. Archived October 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Biologica Nyssana 3(1), 21-29.
Hernández, Ángel; Falcó, José Vicente (2008). "Frugivorous birds dispersing braconid parasitoids via endozoochory". Entomological Science. 11 (3): 323–326. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2008.00283.x. S2CID 85424432.
Papp, J. (2000). First synopsis of the species of obscurator species-group, genus Bracon, subgenus Glabrobracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Braconinae). In: Merkl, O. (Ed.). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 92 229-64. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest.
Belshaw, Robert; Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Degerli, Naci; Quicke, Donald L. J. (2001). "Paraphyletic taxa and taxonomic chaining: Evaluating the classification of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using 28S D2-3 rDNA sequences and morphological characters". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 73 (4): 411–424. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01370.x.
Papp, J. (2012). A revision of the Bracon Fabricius species in Wesmael's collection deposited in Brussels (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 0(21).
Quicke, D. L. J. and M. J. Sharkey. (1989). A key to and notes on the genera of Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from America north of Mexico with descriptions of two new genera and three new species. Can Ent 121 337-61.
Bracon. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Ranjith, A. P.; Quicke, Donald L. J.; Manjusha, K.; Butcher, Buntika A.; Nasser, M. (2022). "Completely predatory development is described in a braconid wasp". Scientific Reports. 12. article 1747. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05705-x. PMC 8810843. PMID 35110585. S2CID 246481177.

Magalhães, Diego Martins; Da Silva, Izabela Thaís Fidelis Alves; Borges, Miguel; Laumann, Raúl Alberto; Blassioli-Moraes, Maria Carolina (27 March 2019). "Anthonomus grandis aggregation pheromone induces cotton indirect defence and attracts the parasitic wasp Bracon vulgaris". Journal of Experimental Botany. 70 (6): 1891–1901. doi:10.1093/jxb/erz040. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

Naveed k. 2019. Reseach Entomology