Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Phylum: Acanthocephala
Classis: Palaeacanthocephala
Ordo: Polymorphida
Familia: Polymorphidae
Genera (11): Andracantha – Arhythmorhynchus – Bolbosoma – Corynosoma – Diplospinifer – Filicollis – Hexaglandula – Ibirhynchus – Neoandracantha – Polymorphus – Profilicollis – Southwellina
[source: Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist, plus (3) Ibirhynchus – Neoandracantha – Profilicollis
]
References
García-Varela, M.; Pérez-Ponce de León, G. 2008: Validating the systematic position of Profilicollis Meyer, 1931 and Hexaglandula Petrochenko, 1950 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) using cytochrome C oxidase (cox 1). Journal of parasitology, 94(1): 212–217. DOI: 10.1645/GE-1257.1
García-Varela, M.; Pérez-Ponce de León, G.; Aznar, F.J.; Nadler, S.A. 2011: Erection of Ibirhynchus gen. nov. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), based on molecular and morphological data. Journal of parasitology, 97(1): 97–105. DOI: 10.1645/GE-2350.1
The thorny-headed worm family Polymorphidae contains endoparasites which as adults feed mainly in fish and aquatic birds. When this taxon was erected by Meyer in 1931, a subfamily Polymorphinae was established in it. As the Polymorphidae as presently understood would then be monotypic, with no basal genera outside the Polymorphinae, the proposed subfamily is redundant for the time being and therefore most modern treatments simply omit it. Polymorphus minutus is an economically significant parasite in goose and duck farming.
Species
Neoandracantha peruensis
Polymorphidae contains the following species:[a]
Andracantha Schmidt, 1975
Andracantha baylisi (Zdzitowiecki, 1986) Zdzitowiecki, 1989
Andracantha clavata (Goss, 1940)
Andracantha gravida (Alegret, 1941) Schmidt, 1975
Andracantha mergi Lundström, 1942
Andracantha phalacrocoracis (Yamaguti, 1939)
Andracantha tandemtesticulata Monteiro, Amato & Amato, 2006
Andracantha tunitae (Weiss, 1914)
Ardeirhynchus Dimitrova and Georgiev, 1994
Ardeirhynchus spiralis (Rudolphi, 1809)
Arhythmorhynchus Lühe, 1911
Arhythmorhynchus capellae (Yamaguti, 1935)
Arhythmorhynchus comptus Van Cleave & Rausch, 1950
Arhythmorhynchus distinctus Baer, 1956
Arhythmorhynchus eroliae (Yamaguti, 1939)
Arhythmorhynchus frassoni (Molin, 1858)
Arhythmorhynchus frontospinosus (Tubangui, 1935)
Arhythmorhynchus jeffreyi Schmidt, 1973
Arhythmorhynchus johnstoni Golvan, 1960
Arhythmorhynchus limosae Edmonds, 1971
Arhythmorhynchus petrochenkoi (Schmidt, 1969)
Arhythmorhynchus plicatus (von Linstow, 1883)
Arhythmorhynchus pumiliorostris Van Cleave, 1916
Arhythmorhynchus rubicundus (Molin, 1859)
Arhythmorhynchus siluricola Dollfus, 1929
Arhythmorhynchus suecicus Lundström, 1942
Arhythmorhynchus teres Van Cleave, 1920
Arhythmorhynchus tigrinus Moghe and Das, 1953
Arhythmorhynchus trichocephalus (Leuckart, 1876)
Arhythmorhynchus tringi Gubanov, 1952
Arhythmorhynchus turbidus (Van Cleave, 1937)
Arhythmorhynchus uncinatus (Kaiser, 1893) Lühe, 1912
Arhythmorhynchus villoti Golvan, 1994
Arhythmorhynchus xeni Atrashkevich, 1978
Bolbosoma Porta, 1908
Proboscis, neck and trunk spines of a juvenile Bolbosoma turbinella. Bars is 200um.[1]
Bolbosoma australis Skrjabin, 1972
Bolbosoma balaenae (Gmelin, 1790)
Bolbosoma brevicolle (Malm, 1867)
Bolbosoma caenoforme Heitz, 1920
Bolbosoma capitatum (Linstow, 1880)
Bolbosoma hamiltoni Baylis, 1929
Bolbosoma heteracanthis (Heitz, 1917)
Bolbosoma nipponicum Yamaguti, 1939
Bolbosoma scomberomori Wang, 1981
Bolbosoma tuberculata Skrjabin, 1970
Bolbosoma turbinella (Diesing, 1851)
Bolbosoma vasculosum (Rudolphi, 1819)
Corynosoma Lühe, 1904
A juvenile female Corynosoma australe with a detail of the proboscis. Bar on the left is 1mm and the bar on the right is 0.25mm.[1]
Male juvenile Corynosoma cetaceum with a detail of the proboscis, neck, and trunk spines. Bar on the left is 1mm and the bar on the right is 0.5mm.[1]
Corynosoma alaskense Golvan, 1958
Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937
Corynosoma beaglense Laskowski, Jeżewski & Zdzitowiecki, 2008
Corynosoma bullosum (Linstow, 1892)
Corynosoma cameroni Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma capsicum Golvan and Mokhayer, 1973
Corynosoma cetaceum Johnston & Best, 1942
Corynosoma curilense Gubanov, 1942
Corynosoma enhydri Morozov, 1940
Corynosoma eperlani (Linstow, 1884)
Corynosoma erignathi Stryukov, 2000
Corynosoma evae Zdzitowiecki, 1984
Corynosoma falcatum Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma gibsoni Zdzitowiecki, 1986
Corynosoma hadweni Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma hamanni (Linstow, 1892)
Corynosoma hannae Zdzitowiecki, 1984
Corynosoma longilemniscatus Machado-Filho, 1961
Corynosoma macrosomum Neiland, 1962
Corynosoma magdaleni Montreuil, 1958
Corynosoma mandarinca Oshmarin, 1963
Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome, 1943
Corynosoma osmeri Fujita, 1921
Corynosoma otariae Morini and Boero, 1961
Corynosoma pseudohamanni Zdzitowiecki, 1984
Corynosoma pyriforme (Bremser, 1824)
Corynosoma rauschi Golvan, 1958
Corynosoma reductum (Linstow, 1905)
Corynosoma semerme (Forssell, 1904)
Corynosoma septentrionale Treshchev, 1966
Corynosoma seropedicus Machado-Filho, 1970
Corynosoma shackletoni Zdzitowiecki, 1978
Corynosoma simile Neiland, 1962
Corynosoma stanleyi Smales, 1986
Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1904
Corynosoma sudsuche Belopolskaia, 1958
Corynosoma validum Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma ventronudum Skrjabin, 1959
Corynosoma villosum Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma wegeneri Heinze, 1934
Diplospinifer Fukui, 1929
Diplospinifer serpenticola Fukui, 1929
Filicollis Lühe, 1911
Filicollis anatis (Schrank, 1788)
Filicollis trophimenkoi Atrashkevich, 1982
Ibirhynchus García-Valera, Pérez-Ponce de León, Aznar and Nadler, 2011
Ibirhynchus dimorpha (Schmidt, 1973)
Neoandracantha Amin & Heckmann, 2017
Neoandracantha peruensis Amin & Heckmann, 2017 [2]
Polymorphus Lühe, 1911
The genus polymorphus uses amphipod crustaceans as intermediate hosts and various birds as final hosts. The genus used to be a larger group, but species that were formerly placed in the genus have now been placed in the genus Profilicollis based on morphological characteristics and the use of decapod crustaceans as intermediate hosts.[3]
Polymorphus actuganensis Petrochenko, 1949
Polymorphus acutis Van Cleave and Starrett, 1940
Polymorphus arctocephali Smales, 1986
Polymorphus ariusis (Bilqees, 1971)
Polymorphus biziurae Johnston and Edmonds, 1948
Polymorphus boschadis (Schrank, 1788)
Polymorphus brevis (Van Cleave, 1916)
Polymorphus chongqingensis Liu, Zhang and Zhang, 1990
Polymorphus cincli Belopolskaya, 1959
Polymorphus contortus (Bremser in Westrumb, 1821)
Polymorphus corynoides Skrjabin, 1913
Polymorphus corynosoma Travassos, 1915
Polymorphus crassus Van Cleave, 1924
Polymorphus cucullatus Van Cleave and Starrett, 1940
Polymorphus diploinflatus Lundström, 1942
Polymorphus fatimaae Khan, Dharejo, Birmani and Bilqees, 2008
Polymorphus fulicai Birmani, Dharejo and Khan, 2011
Polymorphus gavii Hokhlova, 1965
Polymorphus inermis Travassos, 1923
Polymorphus karachiensis (Bilqees, 1971)
Polymorphus kostylewi Petrochenko, 1949
Polymorphus magnus Skrjabin, 1913
Polymorphus marchii (Porta, 1910)
Polymorphus marilis Van Cleave, 1939
Polymorphus mathevossianae Petrochenko, 1949
Polymorphus meyeri Lundström, 1942
Polymorphus miniatus (von Linstow, 1896)
Polymorphus minutus (Goeze, 1782)
Polymorphus mohiuddini Muti-ur-Rahman, Khan, Bilqees and Khatoon, 2008
Polymorphus mutabilis (Rudolphi, 1819)
Polymorphus nickoli Khan and Bilqees, 1998
Polymorphus obtusus Van Cleave, 1918
Polymorphus paradoxus Connell and Corner, 1957
Polymorphus paucihamatus Heinze, 1936
Polymorphus phippsi Kostylew, 1922
Polymorphus piriformis (Bremser in Rudolphi, 1819)
Polymorphus pupa (von Linstow, 1905)
Polymorphus sichuanensis Wang and Zhang, 1987
Polymorphus sindensis Khan, Ghazi and Bilqees, 2002
Polymorphus spindlatus Amin and Heckmann, 1991
Polymorphus striatus (Goeze, 1782)
Polymorphus strumosoides Lundström, 1942
Polymorphus swartzi Schmidt, 1965
Polymorphus trochus Van Cleave, 1945
Profilicollis Meyer, 1931
Profilicollis altmani (Perry, 1942) Van Cleave, 1947
Profilicollis antarcticus (Zdzitowiecki, 1985)
Profilicollis arcticus (Van Cleave, 1920)
Profilicollis botulus (Van Cleave, 1916)
Profilicollis chasmagnathi (Holcman-Spector, Mañé-Garzón & Dei-Cas, 1977) Golvan, 1994
Profilicollis formosus (Schmidt & Kuntz, 1967)
Profilicollis major (Lundström, 1942)
Profilicollis novaezelandensis Brockerhoff & Smales, 2002
Profilicollis sphaerocephalus (Bremser in Rudolphi, 1819)
Pseudocorynosoma Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma anatarium (Van Cleave, 1945) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma constrictum (Van Cleave, 1918) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma enrietti (Molfi & Fernandes, 1953) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma iheringi (Machado-Filho, 1961) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma peposacae (Porta, 1914) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma tepehuanesi García-Varela, Henández-Orts & Pinacho-Pinacho, 2017
Southwellina Witenberg, 1932
Southwellina hispida (Van Cleave, 1925)
Southwellina macracanthus (Ward and Winter, 1952)
Southwellina sacra Bhattacharya, Pande & Srivastaca, 2002
Tenuisoma[4]
Tenuisoma tarapungi[4]
T. tarapungi was found in the intestines of the red-billed gull (Chroicocephalus scopulinus) on the coast of Otago, New Zealand.[4]
Notes
A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than the present genus.
References
Fonseca, Michelle Cristie Gonçalves da, Knoff, Marcelo, Felizardo, Nilza Nunes, Torres, Eduardo José Lopes, Di Azevedo, Maria Isabel Nogueira, Gomes, Delir Corrêa, Clemente, Sérgio Carmona de São, & Iñiguez, Alena Mayo. (2019). Acanthocephalan parasites of the flounder species Paralichthys isosceles, Paralichthys patagonicus and Xystreurys rasile from Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 28(3), 346-359. Epub June 13, 2019.https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019031
Amin, Omar M.; Heckmann, Richard A. (2017). "Neoandracantha peruensis n. gen. n. sp. (Acanthocephala, Polymorphidae) described from cystacanths infecting the ghost crab Ocypode gaudichaudii on the Peruvian coast". Parasite. 24: 40. doi:10.1051/parasite/2017038. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 5657191. PMID 29072573. open access
B.B. Nickol, D.W.T. Crompton, and D.W. Searle (1999). "Reintroduction of Profilicollis Meyer, 1931, as a genus in Acanthocephala: Significance of the intermediate host." Journal of Parasitology 85(4):716-718
Presswell, B., Bennett, J.D.L. & Smales, L.R. Morphological and molecular characterisation of a new genus and species of acanthocephalan, Tenuisoma tarapungi n. g., n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) infecting red-billed gulls in New Zealand, with a key to the genera of the Polymorphidae Meyer, 1931. Syst Parasitol 97, 25–39 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-019-09898-0
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