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Incircle and excircles of a triangle
Incircle and excircles of a triangle
In geometry, the incircle or inscribed circle of a triangle is the largest circle contained in the triangle; it touches (is tangent to) the three sides. The center of the incircle is called the triangle's incenter.
An excircle or escribed circle of the triangle is a circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its sides and tangent to the extensions of the other two. Every triangle has three distinct excircles, each tangent to one of the triangle's sides.
A triangle (black) with incircle (blue), incenter (I), excircles (orange), excenters (JA,JB,JC), internal angle bisectors (red) and external angle bisectors (green)
The center of the incircle, called the incenter, can be found as the intersection of the three internal angle bisectors. The center of an excircle is the intersection of the internal bisector of one angle and the external bisectors of the other two. Because the internal bisector of an angle is perpendicular to its external bisector, it follows that the center of the incircle together with the three excircle centers form an orthocentric system.[1]:p. 182
Polygons with more than three sides do not all have an incircle tangent to all sides; those that do are called tangential polygons. See also Tangent lines to circles.
Relation to area of the triangle
The radii of the incircles and excircles are closely related to the area of the triangle.[2]
Incircle
Suppose \triangle ABC has an incircle with radius r and center I. Let a be the length of BC, b the length of AC, and c the length of AB. Now, the incircle is tangent to AB at some point C′, and so \( \angle AC'I is right. Thus the radius C'I is an altitude of \triangle IAB . Therefore \triangle IAB has base length c and height r, and so has area \( \tfrac{1}{2}cr \). Similarly, \triangle IAC has area \( \tfrac{1}{2}br \) and \( \triangle IBC \) has area \( \tfrac{1}{2}ar \). Since these three triangles decompose \triangle ABC , we see that
\( \Delta = \frac{1}{2} (a+b+c) r = s r, \)
where \( \Delta \) is the area of \( \triangle ABC \) and \( s= \frac{1}{2}(a+b+c) \)is its semiperimeter.
For an alternative formula, consider \( \triangle IC'A \) . This is a right-angled triangle with one side equal to r and the other side equal to \( r \cot \frac{\angle A}{2} \). The same is true for \( \triangle IB'A \). The large triangle is composed of 6 such triangles and the total area is:
\( \Delta = r^2\cdot(\cot \frac{\angle A}{2} + \cot \frac{\angle B}{2} + \cot \frac{\angle C}{2}) \)
Excircles
The radii in the excircles are called the exradii. Let the excircle at side AB touch at side AC extended at G, and let this excircle's radius be \( r_c \) and its center be \( I_c \). Then \( I_c G \) is an altitude of \( \triangle ACI_c \) , so \( \triangle ACI_c \) has area \tfrac{1}{2}br_c \). By a similar argument, \( \triangle BCI_c \) has area \( \tfrac{1}{2}ar_c \) and \( \triangle ABI_c \) has area \( \tfrac{1}{2}cr_c \). Thus
\( \Delta = \frac{1}{2}(a+b-c)r_c = (s-c)r_c . \)
So, by symmetry,
\( \Delta = sr = (s-a)r_a = (s-b)r_b = (s-c)r_c . \)
By the law of cosines, we have
\( \cos A = \frac{b^2 + c^2 - a^2}{2bc} \)
Combining this with the identity \( \sin^2 A + \cos^2 A = 1 \), we have
\( \sin A = \frac{\sqrt{-a^4 - b^4 - c^4 + 2a^2b^2 + 2b^2 c^2 + 2 a^2 c^2}}{2bc} \)
But \( \Delta = \tfrac{1}{2}bc \sin A \) , and so
\( \begin{align} \Delta &= \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{-a^4 - b^4 - c^4 + 2a^2b^2 + 2b^2 c^2 + 2 a^2 c^2} \\ &= \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{ (a+b+c) (-a+b+c) (a-b+c) (a+b-c) }\\ & = \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}, \end{align} \)
which is Heron's formula.
Combining this with \( sr=\Delta \), we have
\( r^2 = \frac{\Delta^2}{s^2} = \frac{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}{s}. \)
Similarly, \( (s-a)r_a = \Delta \) gives
\( r_a^2 = \frac{s(s-b)(s-c)}{s-a}. \)
From these formulas one can see that the excircles are always larger than the incircle and that the largest excircle is the one tangent to the longest side and the smallest excircle is tangent to the shortest side. Further, combining these formulas yields:[3]
\( \Delta=\sqrt{rr_ar_br_c}. \)
The ratio of the area of the incircle to the area of the triangle is less than or equal to \( \frac{\pi}{3\sqrt{3}} \), with equality holding only for equilateral triangles.[4]
Related constructions
Nine-point circle and Feuerbach point
The circle tangent to all three of the excircles as well as the incircle is known as the nine-point circle. The point where the nine-point circle touches the incircle is known as the Feuerbach point.
Gergonne triangle and point
A triangle, ΔABC, with incircle (blue), incenter (blue, I), contact triangle (red, ΔTaTbTc) and Gergonne point (green, Ge)
The Gergonne triangle (of ABC) is defined by the 3 touchpoints of the incircle on the 3 sides. Those vertices are denoted as TA, etc. The point that TA denotes, lies opposite to A.
This Gergonne triangle TATBTC is also known as the contact triangle or intouch triangle of ABC.
The three lines ATA, BTB and CTC intersect in a single point called Gergonne point, denoted as Ge - X(7). The Gergonne point lies in the open orthocentroidal disk punctured at its own center, and could be any point therein.[5]
Interestingly, the Gergonne point of a triangle is the symmedian point of the Gergonne triangle. For a full set of properties of the Gergonne point see.[6]
Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the intouch triangle are given by
\( \text{vertex}\, A= 0 : \sec^2 \left(\frac{B}{2}\right) :\sec^2\left(\frac{C}{2}\right) \)
\( \text{vertex}\, B= \sec^2 \left(\frac{A}{2}\right):0:\sec^2\left(\frac{C}{2}\right) \)
\( \text{vertex} \, C= \sec^2 \left(\frac{A}{2}\right) :\sec^2\left(\frac{B}{2}\right):0 \)
Trilinear coordinates for the Gergonne point are given by
\( \sec^2\left(\frac{A}{2}\right) : \sec^2 \left(\frac{B}{2}\right) : \sec^2\left(\frac{C}{2}\right), \)
or, equivalently, by the Law of Sines,
\( \frac{bc}{b+ c - a} : \frac{ca}{c + a-b} : \frac{ab}{a+b-c}.
Nagel triangle and point \)
The Nagel triangle of ABC is denoted by the vertices XA, XB and XC that are the three points where the excircles touch the reference triangle ABC and where XA is opposite of A, etc. This triangle XAXBXC is also known as the extouch triangle of ABC. The circumcircle of the extouch triangle XAXBXC is called the Mandart circle. The three lines AXA, BXB and CXC are called the splitters of the triangle; they each bisect the perimeter of the triangle, and they intersect in a single point, the triangle's Nagel point Na - X(8).
Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the extouch triangle are given by
\( \text{vertex} \, A = 0 : \csc^2\left(\frac{B}{2}\right) : \csc^2\left(\frac{C}{2}\right) \)
\( \text{vertex} \, B= \csc^2\left(\frac{A}{2}\right) : 0 : \csc^2\left(\frac{C}{2}\right) \)
\( \text{vertex} \, C = \csc^2\left(\frac{A}{2}\right) : \csc^2\left(\frac{B}{2}\right) : 0 \)
Trilinear coordinates for the Nagel point are given by
\( \csc^2\left(\frac{A}{2}\right) : \csc^2 \left(\frac{B}{2}\right) : \csc^2\left(\frac{C}{2}\right), \)
or, equivalently, by the Law of Sines,
\( \frac{b+ c - a}{a} : \frac{c + a-b}{b} : \frac{a+b-c}{c}. \)
It is the isotomic conjugate of the Gergonne point.
Incentral and excentral triangles
The points of intersection of the interior angle bisectors of ABC with the segments BC,CA,AB are the vertices of the incentral triangle.
Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the incentral triangle are given by
\( \ \text{vertex} \, A= 0 : 1 : 1 \)
\( \ \text{vertex} \, B = 1 : 0 : 1 \)
\( \ \text{vertex} \, C = 1 : 1 : 0 \)
Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the excentral triangle are given by
\( \text{vertex} \, A= -1 : 1 : 1 \)
\( \text{vertex} \, B= 1 : -1 : 1 \)
\( \text{vertex} \, C= 1 : -1 : -1 \)
Equations for four circles
Let x : y : z be a variable point in trilinear coordinates, and let u = cos2(A/2), v = cos2(B/2), w = cos2(C/2). The four circles described above are given equivalently by either of the two given equations:[7]:p. 210-215
Incircle:
\( \ u^2x^2+v^2y^2+w^2z^2-2vwyz-2wuzx-2uvxy=0 \)
\( \pm \sqrt{x}\cos \frac{A}{2}\pm \sqrt{y}\cos \frac{B}{2}\pm\sqrt{z}\cos \frac{C}{2}=0 \)
A-excircle:
\( \ u^2x^2+v^2y^2+w^2z^2-2vwyz+2wuzx+2uvxy=0 \)
\( \pm \sqrt{-x}\cos \frac{A}{2}\pm \sqrt{y}\cos \frac{B}{2}\pm\sqrt{z}\cos \frac{C}{2}=0 \)
B-excircle:
\( \ u^2x^2+v^2y^2+w^2z^2+2vwyz-2wuzx+2uvxy=0 \)
\( \pm \sqrt{x}\cos \frac{A}{2}\pm \sqrt{-y}\cos \frac{B}{2}\pm\sqrt{z}\cos \frac{C}{2}=0 \)
C-excircle:
\( \ u^2x^2+v^2y^2+w^2z^2+2vwyz+2wuzx-2uvxy=0 \)
\( \pm \sqrt{x}\cos \frac{A}{2}\pm \sqrt{y}\cos \frac{B}{2}\pm\sqrt{-z}\cos \frac{C}{2}=0 \)
Euler's theorem
Euler's theorem states that in a triangle:
\( (R-r_{in})^2=d^2+r_{in}^2, \)
where R and rin are the circumradius and inradius respectively, and d is the distance between the circumcenter and the incenter.
For excircles the equation is similar:
\( (R+r_{ex})^2=d^2+r_{ex}^2, \)
where rex is the radius of one of the excircles, and d is the distance between the circumcenter and this excircle's center. [8] [9] [10]
Other incircle properties
Suppose the tangency points of the incircle divide the sides into lengths of x and y, y and z, and z and x. Then the incircle has the radius[11]
\( r = \sqrt{\frac{xyz}{x+y+z}} \)
and the area of the triangle is
\( K=\sqrt{xyz(x+y+z)}. \)
If the altitudes from sides of lengths a, b, and c are ha, hb, and hc then the inradius r is one-third of the harmonic mean of these altitudes, i.e.
\( r = \frac{1}{h_a^{-1}+h_b^{-1}+h_c^{-1}}. \)
The product of the incircle radius r and the circumcircle radius R of a triangle with sides a, b, and c is[1]:p. 189, #298(d)
\( rR=\frac{abc}{2(a+b+c)}. \)
Some relations among the sides, incircle radius, and circumcircle radius are:[12]
\( ab+bc+ca=s^2+(4R+r)r, \)
\( a^2+b^2+c^2=2s^2-2(4R+r)r. \)
Any line through a triangle that splits both the triangle's area and its perimeter in half goes through the triangle's incenter (the center of its incircle). There are either one, two, or three of these for any given triangle.[13]
Denoting the center of the incircle of triangle ABC as I, we have[14]
\( \frac{IA\cdot IA}{CA \cdot AB}+ \frac{IB \cdot IB}{AB\cdot BC} + \frac{IC \cdot IC}{BC\cdot CA} = 1 \)
and[15]:p.121,#84
\( IA \cdot IB \cdot IC=4Rr^2. \)
The distance from any vertex to the incircle tangency on either adjacent side is half the sum of the vertex's adjacent sides minus half the opposite side.[16] Thus for example for vertex B and adjacent tangencies TA and TC,
\( BT_A=BT_C=\frac{BC+AB-AC}{2}. \)
The incircle radius is no greater than one-ninth the sum of the altitudes.[17]:p. 289
The squared distance from the incenter I to the circumcenter O is given by[18]:p.232
\( OI^2=R(R-2r), \)
and the distance from the incenter to the center N of the nine point circle is[18]:p.232
\( IN=\frac{1}{2}(R-2r) < \frac{1}{2}R. \)
The incenter lies in the medial triangle (whose vertices are the midpoints of the sides).[18]:p.233, Lemma 1
Other excircle properties
The circular hull of the excircles is internally tangent to each of the excircles, and thus is an Apollonius circle.[19] The radius of this Apollonius circle is \( \frac{r^2+s^2}{4r} \) where r is the incircle radius and s is the semiperimeter of the triangle.[20]
The following relations hold among the inradius r, the circumradius R, the semiperimeter s, and the excircle radii r'a, rb, rc:[12]
\( r_a+r_b+r_c=4R+r, \)
\( r_a r_b+r_br_c+r_cr_a = s^2, \)
\( r_a^2 + r_b^2 + r_c^2 = (4R+r)^2 -2s^2, \)
The circle through the centers of the three excircles has radius 2R.[12]
If H is the orthocenter of triangle ABC, then[12]
\( r_a+r_b+r_c+r=AH+BH+CH+2R, \)
\( r_a^2+r_b^2+r_c^2+r^2=AH^2+BH^2+CH^2+(2R)^2. \)
Generalization to other polygons
Some (but not all) quadrilaterals have an incircle. These are called tangential quadrilaterals. Among their many properties perhaps the most important is that their opposite sides have equal sums. This is called the Pitot theorem.
More generally, a polygon with any number of sides that has an inscribed circle—one that is tangent to each side—is called a tangential polygon.
See also
Altitude (triangle)
Circumscribed circle
Ex-tangential quadrilateral
Harcourt's theorem
Inconic
Inscribed sphere
Power of a point
Steiner inellipse
Tangential quadrilateral
Triangle center
References
Johnson, Roger A., Advanced Euclidean Geometry, Dover, 2007 (orig. 1929).
Coxeter, H.S.M. "Introduction to Geometry 2nd ed. Wiley, 1961.
Baker, Marcus, "A collection of formulae for the area of a plane triangle," Annals of Mathematics, part 1 in vol. 1(6), January 1885, 134-138. (See also part 2 in vol. 2(1), September 1885, 11-18.)
Minda, D., and Phelps, S., "Triangles, ellipses, and cubic polynomials", American Mathematical Monthly 115, October 2008, 679-689: Theorem 4.1.
Christopher J. Bradley and Geoff C. Smith, "The locations of triangle centers", Forum Geometricorum 6 (2006), 57--70. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2006volume6/FG200607index.html
Dekov, Deko (2009). "Computer-generated Mathematics : The Gergonne Point" (PDF). Journal of Computer-generated Euclidean Geometry 1: 1–14.
Whitworth, William Allen. Trilinear Coordinates and Other Methods of Modern Analytical Geometry of Two Dimensions, Forgotten Books, 2012 (orig. Deighton, Bell, and Co., 1866). http://www.forgottenbooks.com/search?q=Trilinear+coordinates&t=books
Nelson, Roger, "Euler's triangle inequality via proof without words," Mathematics Magazine 81(1), February 2008, 58-61.
Johnson, R. A. Modern Geometry, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1929: p. 187.
Emelyanov, Lev, and Emelyanova, Tatiana. "Euler’s formula and Poncelet’s porism", Forum Geometricorum 1, 2001: pp. 137–140.
Chu, Thomas, The Pentagon, Spring 2005, p. 45, problem 584.
Bell, Amy, "Hansen’s right triangle theorem, its converse and a generalization", Forum Geometricorum 6, 2006, 335–342.
Kodokostas, Dimitrios, "Triangle Equalizers," Mathematics Magazine 83, April 2010, pp. 141-146.
Allaire, Patricia R.; Zhou, Junmin; and Yao, Haishen, "Proving a nineteenth century ellipse identity", Mathematical Gazette 96, March 2012, 161-165.
Altshiller-Court, Nathan. College Geometry, Dover Publications, 1980.
Mathematical Gazette, July 2003, 323-324.
Posamentier, Alfred S., and Lehmann, Ingmar. The Secrets of Triangles, Prometheus Books, 2012.
Franzsen, William N. (2011). "The distance from the incenter to the Euler line" (PDF). Forum Geometricorum 11: 231–236. MR 2877263..
Grinberg, Darij, and Yiu, Paul, "The Apollonius Circle as a Tucker Circle", Forum Geometricorum 2, 2002: pp. 175-182.
Stevanovi´c, Milorad R., "The Apollonius circle and related triangle centers", Forum Geometricorum 3, 2003, 187-195.
Clark Kimberling, "Triangle Centers and Central Triangles," Congressus Numerantium 129 (1998) i-xxv and 1-295.
Sándor Kiss, "The Orthic-of-Intouch and Intouch-of-Orthic Triangles," Forum Geometricorum 6 (2006) 171-177.
External links
Derivation of formula for radius of incircle of a triangle
Weisstein, Eric W., "Incircle", MathWorld.
Interactive
Triangle incenter Triangle incircle Incircle of a regular polygon With interactive animations
Constructing a triangle's incenter / incircle with compass and straightedge An interactive animated demonstration
Equal Incircles Theorem at cut-the-knot
Five Incircles Theorem at cut-the-knot
Pairs of Incircles in a Quadrilateral at cut-the-knot
An interactive Java applet for the incenter
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
Graduate Studies in Mathematics
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