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Isotopes of oxygen

There are three stable isotopes of oxygen that lead to oxygen (O) having a standard atomic mass of 15.9994(3) u. 10 unstable isotopes have also been characterized.

Stable isotopes

Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of three stable isotopes, 16O, 17O, and 18O, with 16O being the most abundant (99.762% natural abundance).[1] Known oxygen isotopes range in mass number from 12 to 24.[1][2]

The relative and absolute abundance of 16O is high because it is a principal product of stellar evolution and because it is a primary isotope, meaning it can be made by stars that were initially made exclusively of hydrogen.[3] Most 16O is synthesized at the end of the helium fusion process in stars; the triple-alpha reaction creates 12C, which captures an additional 4He to make 16O. The neon burning process creates additional 16O.[3]

Both 17O and 18O are secondary isotopes, meaning that their nucleosynthesis requires seed nuclei. 17O is primarily made by the burning of hydrogen into helium during the CNO cycle, making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars.[3] Most 18O is produced when 14N (made abundant from CNO burning) captures a 4He nucleus, making 18O common in the helium-rich zones of stars.[3] Approximately a billion degrees Celsius is required for two oxygen nuclei to undergo nuclear fusion to form the heavier nucleus of sulfur.[4]
Radioisotopes

Fourteen radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 15O with a half-life of 122.24 s and 14O with a half-life of 70.606 s.[1] All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 27 s and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 83 milliseconds (ms).[1] For example, 24O has a half life of 61 ms.[5] The most common decay mode for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes is β+ decay (to nitrogen) [6][7][8] and the most common mode after is β- decay (to fluorine).

An atomic mass of 16 was assigned to oxygen prior to the definition of the unified atomic mass unit based upon 12C.[9] Since physicists referred to 16O only, while chemists meant the naturally-abundant mixture of isotopes, this led to slightly different mass scales between the two disciplines.

The isotopic composition of oxygen atoms in the Earth's atmosphere is 99.759% 16O, 0.037% 17O and 0.204% 18O.[10] Because water molecules containing the lighter isotope are slightly more likely to evaporate and fall as precipitation[11], fresh water and polar ice on earth contains slightly less (0.1981%) of the heavy isotope 18O than air (0.204%) or seawater containing (0.1995%). This disparity allows analysis of temperature patterns via historic ice cores.
Table

nuclide
symbol
Z(p) N(n)  
isotopic mass (u)
 
half-life nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
excitation energy
12O 8 4 12.034405(20) 580(30)E-24 s [0.40(25) MeV] 0+
13O 8 5 13.024812(10) 8.58(5) ms (3/2-)
14O 8 6 14.00859625(12) 70.598(18) s 0+
15O 8 7 15.0030656(5) 122.24(16) s 1/2-
16O 8 8 15.99491461956(16) Stable 0+ 0.99757(16) 0.99738-0.99776
17O 8 9 16.99913170(12) Stable 5/2+ 0.00038(1) 0.00037-0.00040
18O 8 10 17.9991610(7) Stable 0+ 0.00205(14) 0.00188-0.00222
19O 8 11 19.003580(3) 26.464(9) s 5/2+
20O 8 12 20.0040767(12) 13.51(5) s 0+
21O 8 13 21.008656(13) 3.42(10) s (1/2,3/2,5/2)+
22O 8 14 22.00997(6) 2.25(15) s 0+
23O 8 15 23.01569(13) 82(37) ms 1/2+#
24O 8 16 24.02047(25) 65(5) ms 0+

Oxygen isotopes with more than 24 nucleons are physically impossible, since they would be beyond the neutron drip line.[2]

* The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
* Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
* Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.

See also

* Dole effect

Notes

1. ^ a b c d "Oxygen Nuclides / Isotopes". EnvironmentalChemistry.com. http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/O-pg2.html. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
2. ^ a b http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913170108.htm
3. ^ a b c d Meyer, B.S. (September 19-21, 2005). "NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND GALACTIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE ISOTOPES OF OXYGEN" (PDF). Proceedings of the NASA Cosmochemistry Program and the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Workgroup on Oxygen in the Earliest Solar System. Gatlinburg, Tennessee. 9022. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/ess2005/pdf/9022.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
4. ^ Emsley 2001, p.297
5. ^ "Oxygen-24". WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes. LBNL Isotopes Project - LUNDS Universitet. 2-28-99. http://ie.lbl.gov/toi/nuclide.asp?iZA=80024. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
6. ^ "NUDAT". http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=13O&unc=nds. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
7. ^ "NUDAT". http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=14O&unc=nds. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
8. ^ "NUDAT". http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=15O&unc=nds. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
9. ^ Mellor 1939, Chapter VI, Section 7
10. ^ Cook 1968, p.500
11. ^ Dansgaard, W (1964) Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus 16, 436-468

References

For the table

* Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683–800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
o Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3–128 (2003).
o National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (retrieved Sept. 2005).
o David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.

For the prose

* Cook, Gerhard A.; Lauer, Carol M. (1968). "Oxygen". in Clifford A. Hampel. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 499–512. LCCN 68-29938.
* Emsley, John (2001). "Oxygen". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 297–304. ISBN 0198503407.
* Parks, G. D.; Mellor, J. W. (1939). Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry (6th edition ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co.


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