Sparganium

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Poales

Familia: Typhaceae
Genus: Sparganium
Species: S. americanum – S. androcladum – – S. confertum – S. emersum – S. erectum – S. eurycarpum – S. fallax – S. fluctuans – S. glomeratum – S. gramineum – S. hyperboreum – S. japonicum – S. kawakamii – S. limosum – S. natans – S. probatovae – S. rothertii – S. simplex – S. stenophyllum – S. stoloniferum – S. subglobosum – S. yunnanenseS. angustifolium

Nothospecies: S. × longifolium – S. × oligocarpon – S. × speirocephalum – S. × splendens

Note: S. simplex – (both homonyms) and S. stenophyllum – are now accepted as synonyms (Cook, 1987 and Govaerts et al (2015))
Name

Sparganium L., (1753).

Typus: S. erectum – L., vide Rydberg (1909).

Synonyms

Homotypic
Sparganion Adans., Fam. 2: 471 (1763).

Heterotypic
Platanaria Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 39 (1821).

References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 971. Reference page.
Cook, C.D.K., & Nicholls, M.S. (1986) A monographic study of the genus Sparganium (Sparganiaceae). Part 1. Subgenus Xanthosparganium Holmberg. Botanica Helvetica 96: 213–267. Available online
Cook, C.D.K., & Nicholls, M.S. (1987) A monographic study of the genus Sparganium (Sparganiaceae). Part 2. Subgenus Sparganium. Botanica Helvetica 97: 1–44. Available online
Govaerts, R. et al. 2015. Sparganium in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2015 July 24. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2015. Sparganium. Published online. Accessed: July 24 2015.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Sparganium in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2009 Oct 01.
Rydberg, P.A. 1909. N. Amer. Fl. 17: 5.
Tropicos.org 2015. Sparganium. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2015 July 24.

Vernacular names
العربية: إسبارغانيون
беларуская: Плюшчай
čeština: zevar
dansk: Pindsvineknop
Deutsch: Igelkolben
English: Bur-reed
Esperanto: Sparganio
eesti: Jõgitakjas
فارسی: اسپرغان
suomi: Palpakot
français: Rubanier
հայերեն: Մացառեղեգ
日本語: ミクリ属
ქართული: შხაპრი
қазақша: Кірпібас
한국어: 흑삼릉속
Nederlands: Egelskop
polski: Jeżogłówka
русский: Ежеголовник
slovenčina: ježohlav
svenska: Igelknoppssläktet

Sparganium (bur-reed) is a genus of flowering plants, described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.[2][3] It is widespread in wet areas in temperate regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.[1] The plants are perennial marsh plants that can grow to 3.5 m (depending on the species), with epicene flowers.[4][5]

It was previously placed alone in the family Sparganiaceae. Sparganium is closely related to the Typhaceae and the APG III system (2009) includes Sparganium in that family. It has been determined from phylogenetic analysis to be the closest living relative of the genus Typha (cat-tail).

Summary

Sparganium, commonly known as the bur-reed, is a genus of aquatic plants of shallow marshes, ponds and streams. There are 9 species found in the United States and Canada.[6] The stem, which may be floating or emergent, emerges from a buried rhizome, which like many wetland plants, is dependent upon aerenchyma to transport oxygen to the rooting zone. The leaves are strap-like. The flowers are borne in spherical heads, which bear either male or female flowers.[7] The seeds may accumulate in the soil as dense seed banks, which allow the plants to regenerate during low water periods.[8]

Sparganium is an important component of aquatic and marsh vegetation in temperate to arctic regions. It provides food and cover for wildlife and waterfowl.

The genus name Sparganium was published by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753), with two species recognized: S. erectum, and S. natans.

Perhaps the first mention of Sparganium in the English language was made by William Turner (1562).[9] Turner noted that there was no name for the plants in English, and suggested bede sedge or knop sedge. Further, he noted, "the virtues of Sparganium: The roote is good to be geven wyth wyne agaynste the poyson of serpentes."
Taxonomy

Species[1][10][11][12]

Sparganium acaule - eastern North America[13]
Sparganium americanum - eastern North America
Sparganium androcladum - eastern North America
Sparganium angustifolium - Europe, Asia, North America
Sparganium confertum - Yunnan
Sparganium emersum - Europe, Asia, North America
Sparganium × englerianum - Germany
Sparganium erectum - Europe, Asia, North America
Sparganium eurycarpum - Russian Far East, Japan, North America
Sparganium fallax - East Asia, Himalayas, Sumatra, New Guinea
Sparganium fluctuans - Canada, northern United States (New England, NY PA NJ MI WI MN WA)
Sparganium glomeratum - Scandinavia, Baltics, Belarus, Russia, China, Mongolia, Japan, Canada, Minnesota, Wisconsin
Sparganium gramineum - Scandinavia, Baltics, Russia, Japan
Sparganium hyperboreum - Alps, Subarctic (Europe, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland)
Sparganium japonicum - Primorye, Japan, Korea
Sparganium kawakamii - Sakhalin, Kuril Islands
Sparganium limosum - Yunnan
Sparganium × longifolium - northern Russia
Sparganium natans - Europe, Asia, North America
Sparganium × oligocarpon - Siberia
Sparganium probatovae - Kamchatka
Sparganium rothertii - Siberia, Manchuria, Japan
Sparganium × speirocephalum - Finland
Sparganium × splendens - western Russia
Sparganium stoloniferum - temperate Asia
Sparganium subglobosum - East Asia, Himalayas, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand
Sparganium yunnanense - Yunnan

Fossil record

Many fossil endocarps and a few seeds of †Sparganium pusilloides have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark. Otherwise the species has been recorded from the Middle Oligocene to the Middle Miocene floras of Central Europe, among these from the Middle Oligocene Haselbacher See clay in Leipzig. Fossils of 20 endocarps of †Sparganium simplex and 1 endocarp of †Sparganium multiloculare have also been described from the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, S. multiloculare is also described from the Oligocene of southern England and the Oligocene and Miocene floras of Central Europe and Western Siberia.[14]
References

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 971 in Latin
Tropicos, Sparganium L.
Flora of North America Vol. 22, bur-reed, Sparganium Linnaeus
Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 158 黑三棱属 hei san leng shu Sparganium Linnaeus
Kaul, RB 1997. Sparganiaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 12+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 22. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130772
Sparganium research page, UW-Madison Dept. of Botany http://botany.wisc.edu/jsulman/jsulman.htm
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Turner, William. 1562. A new herball. republished 1995, GTL Chapman, MN Tweddle, eds. Cambridge U. Press.
Cook and Nicholls (1986) A monographic study of the genus Sparganium. Part 1: Subgenus Xanthosparganium. Botanica Helvetica 96: 213-267
Cook and Nicholls (1987) A monographic study of the genus Sparganium. Part 2: Subgenus Sparganium. Botanica Helvetica 97: 1-44
Biota of North America 2013 county distribution maps
Ito, Y., Nr. Tanaka, C.-K. Kim, R. Kaul, D. C. Albach (2015) Phylogeny of Sparganium (Typhaceae) revisited: Non-monophyletic nature of S. emersum sensu lato and resurrection of S. acaule. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301(9): xxx-xxx.
Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985