Quercus bicolor

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fagales

Familia: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Species: Quercus bicolor
Name

Quercus bicolor Willd., 1801
Synonyms

Homotypic
Quercus prinus var. bicolor (Willd.) Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 11: 158 (1841).
Quercus discolor var. bicolor (Willd.) Hampton, Rep. (Annual) Ohio State Forest. Bur. 1: 195 (1886).
Heterotypic
Quercus prinus var. platanoides Lam., Encycl. 1: 720 (1783).
Quercus alba var. palustris Marshall, Arbust. Amer.: 120 (1785).
Quercus alba var. palustris Castigl., Viagg. Stati Uniti 2: 348 (1790), nom. illeg.
Quercus prinus var. tomentosa Michx., Hist. Chênes Amér. 5: 9 (1801).
Quercus prinus var. discolor F.Michx., Hist. Arbr. Forest. 2: 46 (1811).
Quercus bicolor var. mollis Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 215 (1818).
Quercus mollis Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 22 (1838).
Quercus bicolor var. platanoides (Lam.) A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 21 (1864).
Quercus filiformis Muhl. ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 21 (1864), pro syn.
Quercus paludosa G.Kirchn. in E.A.Petzold & G.Kirchner, Arbor. Muscav.: 646 (1864).
Quercus pannosa Bosc ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 21 (1864), pro syn.
Quercus velutina L'Hér. ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 21 (1864), nom. illeg.
Quercus bicolor var. angustifolia Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 87 (1891).
Quercus bicolor var. cuneiformis Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 87 (1891).
Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Sudw., Rep. Secr. U.S.: 327 (1892 publ. 1893).

Hybrids

Quercus × humidicola

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Quercus bicolor

Continental: Northern America
Regional: Eastern USA
Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Québec, Rhode I., Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Willdenow, C.L.v., 1801. Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften. Berlin 3: 396 (1801).

Additional references

Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (1998). World Checklist and Bibliography of Fagales: 1-408. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Quercus bicolor in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jun 27. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Quercus bicolor in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jun 27. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Quercus bicolor. Published online. Accessed: Jun 27 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Quercus bicolor. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jun 27.
Hassler, M. 2021. Quercus bicolor. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jun 27. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Quercus bicolor. Accessed: 27 Jun 2021.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Quercus bicolor in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.
IUCN: Quercus bicolor Willd. (Least Concern)

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Zweifarbige Eiche
English: Swamp White Oak
suomi: Valkojokitammi
latviešu: Divkrāsu ozols
Nederlands: Tweekleurige eik
Deitsch: Zappeeche
русский: Дуб двуцветный
Türkçe: Bataklık ak meşesi
中文: 黄背栎

Quercus bicolor, the swamp white oak, is a North American species of medium-sized trees in the beech family. It is a common element of America's north central and northeastern mixed forests. It can survive in a variety of habitats. It forms hybrids with bur oak where they occur together in the wild.

Description

Quercus bicolor grows rapidly and can reach 60 to 80 feet (18 to 24 meters) tall with the tallest known reaching 29 m (95 ft) and lives up to 285[6] years. The bark resembles that of the white oak. The leaves are broad ovoid, 12–18 cm (4+3⁄4–7 in) long and 7–11 cm (2+3⁄4–4+1⁄4 in) broad, always more or less glaucous on the underside, and are shallowly lobed with five to seven lobes on each side, intermediate between the chestnut oak and the white oak. In autumn, they turn brown, yellow-brown, or sometimes reddish, but generally, the color is not as reliable or as brilliant as the white oak can be. The fruit is a peduncled acorn, 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) (rarely 2.5 cm or 0.98 in) long and 1–2 cm (3⁄8–3⁄4 in) broad, maturing about 6 months after pollination.[7]

Leaves

Bark

https://www.mortonarb.org/files/trees-plants/Quercus-bicolor-fall-sm-JH.jpg
Habitat

The swamp white oak generally occurs singly in four different forest types: black ash–American elm–red maple, silver maple–American elm, bur oak, and pin oak–sweetgum. Occasionally the swamp white oak is abundant in small areas. It is found within a very wide range of mean annual temperatures from 16 to 4 °C (61 to 39 °F). Extremes in temperature vary from 41 to −34 °C (106 to −29 °F). Average annual precipitation is from 640 to 1,270 mm (25 to 50 in). The frost-free period ranges from 210 days in the southern part of the growing area to 120 days in the northern part. The swamp white oak typically grows on hydromorphic soils. It is not found where flooding is permanent, although it is usually found in broad stream valleys, low-lying fields, and the margins of lakes, ponds, or sloughs. It occupies roughly the same ecological niche as pin oak but is not nearly as abundant. While pin oak seldom lives longer than 100 years; swamp white oak may live up to 300 years.
Range

Swamp white oak, a lowland tree, occurs across the eastern and central United States and eastern and central Canada, from Maine to South Carolina, west as far as Ontario, Minnesota, and Tennessee with a few isolated populations in Nebraska and Alabama. This species is most common and reaches its largest size in western New York and northern Ohio.[8][9]
Cultivation and uses

It is one of the more important white oaks for lumber production. The wood is similar to that of Q. alba and is not differentiated from it in the lumber trade. In recent years, the swamp white oak has become a popular landscaping tree due to its relative ease of transplanting.

Being in the white oak group, wildlife such as deer, bear, turkey, ducks, and geese as well as other animals are attracted to this tree when acorns are dropping in the fall.
Cultivars

A mix of Quercus robur fastigiata x Quercus bicolor, named 'Nadler' or the Kindred Spirit hybrid oak, exists.
References

Kenny, L.; Wenzell, K.; Jerome, D. (2017). "Quercus bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T194069A111189345. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T194069A111189345.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
"NatureServe Explorer". Retrieved 27 May 2021.
First described in Muhlenberg, Heinrich Ernst (1801). With remarks by Carl Ludwig Willdenow. "Kurze Bemerkungen über die in der Gegend von Lancaster in Nordamerika wachsenden Arten der Gattungen Juglans, Fraxinus und Quercus" [Short remarks on the plants growing in the region of Lancaster in North America from the genera Juglans, Fraxinus, and Quercus]. Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Neue Schriften. 3: 396.
"Quercus bicolor". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
"Quercus bicolor". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List.
"Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages".
Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus bicolor". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
Rogers, Robert (1990). "Quercus bicolor". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2. Retrieved 14 December 2009 – via Southern Research Station.
"Quercus bicolor". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.