Quercus agrifolia

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fagales

Familia: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Subgenus: Q. subg. Quercus
Species: Quercus agrifolia
Name

Quercus agrifolia Née, 1801
Synonyms

Heterotypic
Quercus oxyadenia Torr. in R.B.Marcy, Explor. Red River Louisiana: 172 (1853).
Quercus agrifolia var. frutescens Engelm. in S.Watson, Bot. California 2: 98 (1879).
Quercus acutiglandis Sarg., Rep. For. N. Amer.: 146 (1884).
Quercus pricei Sudw., Bull. Div. Forest. U.S.D.A. 1908: 309 (1908).
Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia (Torr.) J.T.Howell, Madroño 2: 38 (1931).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Quercus agrifolia

Continental: Northern America
Regional: Southwestern USA
California
Regional: Mexico
Mexico Northwest

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References
Primary references

Née, L., 1801. Anales de Ciencias Naturales. Madrid 3:271.

Additional references

Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (1998). World Checklist and Bibliography of Fagales: 1-408. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Valencia-A., S. (2004). Diversidad del Género Quercus (Fagaceae) en México Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de México 75: 33-53.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Quercus agrifolia in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jun 27. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Quercus agrifolia in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jun 27. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Quercus agrifolia. Published online. Accessed: Jun 27 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Quercus agrifolia. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jun 27.
Hassler, M. 2021. Quercus agrifolia. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jun 27. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Quercus agrifolia. Accessed: 27 Jun 2021.

Vernacular names
العربية: بلوط زنده کالیفرنیا
Deutsch: Kalifornische Steineiche
English: California live oak, California Live Oak, Coast Live Oak
русский: Дуб траволистный
中文: 禾叶栎

Quercus agrifolia, the California live oak,[3] coast live oak, or holm oak, is a highly variable, often shrubby evergreen oak tree, a type of live oak, native to the California Floristic Province. It grows west of the Sierra Nevada mountain range from Mendocino County, California, south to northern Baja California in Mexico.[4] It is classified in the red oak section of oaks (Quercus sect. Lobatae).[5]

This species is commonly sympatric with canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis), and the two may be hard to distinguish because their spinose leaves are superficially similar.

Description
Coast live oak, Sonoma County

Coast live oak typically has a much-branched trunk and reaches a mature height of 10–25 meters (33–82 ft). Some specimens may attain an age exceeding 1000 years. Examples of this include the Grand Oak of Cherry Valley, California,[6] the Encino Oak Tree, which died in the 1990s (part of the stump has been preserved)[7] and the Pechanga Great Oak.[8]

The trunk, particularly for older individuals, may be highly contorted, massive and gnarled. The crown is broadly rounded and dense, especially when aged 20 to 70 years; in later life the trunk and branches are more well defined and the leaf density lower.[5] The oldest specimens might exceed 20 feet in trunk circumference and 100 feet height.[8][9]
Leaves

The leaves are dark green, oval, often convex in shape, 2–7 cm (0.79–2.76 in) long and 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in) broad; the leaf margin is spiny-toothed (spinose), with sharp thistly fibers that extend from the lateral leaf veins. The outer layers of leaves are designed for maximum solar absorption, containing two to three layers of photosynthetic cells.[5]

These outer leaves are deemed to be small in size to more efficiently re-radiate the heat gained from solar capture. Shaded leaves are generally broader and thinner, having only a single layer of photosynthetic cells. The convex leaf shape may be useful for interior leaves which depend on capturing reflected light scattered in random directions from the outer canopy.[5]
Inflorescence and acorns
Acorns and leaves

The flowers are produced in early-to-mid spring; the male flowers are pendulous catkins 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long, the female flowers inconspicuous, less than 0.5 cm (0.20 in) long, with 1–3 clustered together. The fruit is a slender reddish brown acorn 2–3.5 cm (0.79–1.38 in) long and 1–1.5 cm (0.39–0.59 in) broad, with the basal quarter enclosed in a cupule; unusually for a red oak, the acorns mature about 7–8 months after pollination (most red oak acorns take 18 months to mature).[5]
Recognized varieties

There are two varieties of Quercus agrifolia:
Image Scientific name Description Distribution

Image	Scientific name	Description	Distribution
	Quercus agrifolia var. agrifolia	Leaves that are glabrous to slightly hairy on the abaxial side, especially near the leaf vein axils. Hybrids with Q. kelloggii, Q. parvula var. shevei, and Q. wislizeni are known.	Throughout the range of the species.
	Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia	Leaves that are tomentose abaxially, with densely interwoven hairs. It prefers granitic soils; hybrids with Q. kelloggii known.	Southwesternmost California (San Diego area), Baja California.

Hybridity

Several hybrids between coast live oak and other red oak species have been documented. Hybrids with interior live oak (Q. wislizenii) are known in many areas in northern California. Coast live oak also hybridizes with Shreve oak (Q. parvula var. shrevei). All these oak species show evidence of introgression with one another.
Etymology

In naming the species, Née compared it to a species illustrated in Leonard Plukenet’s Phytographia under the descriptive name “Ilex folio agrifolii americana, forte agria, vel aquifolia glandifera” which Plukenet had compared, in his Almagestum botanicum, to Luigi Anguillara’s “Agrifolia glandifera,” the noun “Agrifolia” being a Medieval Latin form of “Aquifolium” meaning a holly or holly-leaved oak, and related to the Modern Italian “Agrifoglio,” meaning “holly.” [10][11][12]
Habitat and ecology
Tree growing by a roadside in California
Coast live oak, San Luis Obispo County, California.

Coast live oak is the only California native oak that actually thrives in the coastal environment, although it is rare on the immediate shore; it enjoys the mild winter and summer climate afforded by ocean proximity, and it is somewhat tolerant of aerosol-borne sea salt. The coastal fog supplies relief from the rainless California summer heat.

It is the dominant overstory plant of the coast live oak woodland habitat, often joined by California bay laurel and California buckeye north of Big Sur. Associated understory plants include toyon, various manzanitas and western poison-oak.

Normally the tree is found on well drained soils of coastal hills and plains, often near year round or perennial streams. It may be found in several natural communities including coast live oak woodland, Engelmann oak woodland, valley oak woodland and both northern and southern mixed evergreen forests. While normally found within 100 kilometers (62 miles) of the Pacific Ocean at elevations less than 700 meters (2,300 feet), in southern California it occasionally occurs at up to 1,500 meters (4,900 feet) in altitude.

The California oak moth (Phryganidia californica) caterpillar subsists entirely on living and fallen leaves of the Coast Live Oak. In 8–10 year cycles, the caterpillar will appear in sufficient abundance to denude healthy trees. The trees recover, and botanists speculate that the species provide mutual benefit, possibly in the form of fertilizer for the oak.[13] The coast live oak is also the only known foodplant of Chionodes vanduzeei caterpillars.
Allergenicity

The pollen of the coast live oak is a severe allergen. Pollination occurs in spring. [14]
Economic usage
Historical usage
Coast live oak at Rancho Los Encinos in the San Fernando Valley

At least twelve distinct cultures of Native Americans are known to have consumed the acorns as a dietary staple.[15] The seeds were ground into meal, which after being washed was boiled into mush or baked in ashes to make bread.[16] In the 18th century, Spaniards in the San Fernando Valley used the wood for charcoal to fire kilns in making adobe. Later this form of charcoal would be utilized in the baking, gunpowder and electric power industries.

In the 18th and 19th centuries shipbuilders sought out the odd angular branches to make special joints. Pioneers moving west would harvest small amounts for making farm implements and wagon wheels, but the greatest impact was the wholesale clearing of oak woodlands to erect sprawling cities such as San Diego and San Francisco. The irregular shape often let the tree escape widespread harvest for building timbers, and also led the early settlers to endow the coast live oak with mystical qualities. Its stateliness has made it a subject of historical landscape painters throughout California modern history since the mid-19th century.
Modern usage

Coast live oak has also become a common addition to western USA landscaping. It is however sensitive to changes in grading and drainage; in particular, it is important to respect the root crown level and avoid adding soil near the trunk when construction or landscaping occurs.

Also, if incorporating it into a landscaping scheme with artificial irrigation, it is important to avoid regular watering within the oak's drip line (canopy), since wet soil in the summer increases infection rates by soil-borne Phytophthora diseases like sudden oak death.[17]
Geographical monikers

The coast live oak, especially in its Spanish forms encino or encina, encinitas "little oaks", and encinal "oak grove", gave its name to seven land grants across California and to many communities and geographic features. These include Rancho Los Encinos, the Los Angeles community of Encino, Encinitas near San Diego, and Encinal del Temescal, now the city of Oakland.[18]

Paso Robles (fully 'El Paso de Robles' or 'Pass of the Oaks') also refers to the ubiquitous live oaks in the region as a geographical place name.
References

Beckman, E. (2016). "Quercus agrifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T194049A2295175. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T194049A2295175.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Quercus agrifolia Née". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List.
"Quercus agrifolia". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
"Quercus agrifolia". Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database – via www.calflora.org.
Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus agrifolia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
"Coast live oak 'The Grand Oak' at Highland Springs Resort, Cherry Valley, California, United States".
"Questia". Archived from the original on 2012-10-21.
"Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians - the Great Oak".
"The Great Encino Oak Tree".
Née, Luis. Descripción de varias especies nuevas de 'Encina ' (Quercus de Linneo). Anales de historia natural. volume 3. 1801.[1]
Plukenet, Leonard. Phytographia [...] Pars tertia, 1692 [2]
Plukenet, Leonard. Almagestum botanicum, 1696
"Quercus (Oak) Notes – Trees of Stanford & Environs". trees.stanford.edu.
"Coastal Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) Species Details and Allergy Info, Santa clara county, California".
Moerman, Daniel (2010). Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary. Timber Press. pp. 472–473.
Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 383. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
J. M. Davidson (7 July 2003). "Sudden Oak Death and Associated Diseases Caused by Phytophthora ramorum". Plant Management Network. Retrieved 12 January 2010.

Gudde, Erwin, and William Bright, California Place Names, University of California Press, 4th edition, 1998, ISBN 0-520-21316-5, p. 123-124

Bibliography
Balls, Edward Kent (2020) [1962]. Early Uses of California Plants. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520343061. OCLC 1224278823.
Pavlik, Bruce M.; Muick, Pamela C.; Johnson, Sharon G.; Popper, Marjorie (1991). Oaks of California. Los Olivos, California: Cachuma Press. ISBN 0-9628505-1-9.
Sawyer, John O.; Keeler-Wolf, Todd (1995). A Manual of California Vegetartion. California Native Plant Society. p. 241. ISBN 978-0943460260.