Persicaria

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Ordo: Caryophyllales

Familia: Polygonaceae
Subfamilia: Polygonoideae
Tribus: Persicarieae
Subtribus: Persicariinae
Genus: Persicaria
Sectiones: P. sect. Cephalophilon – P. sect. Echinocaulon – P. sect. Persicaria – P. sect. Tovara
Species: P. acuminata – P. akakiensis – P. amphibia – P. angustifolia – P. arifolia – P. assamica – P. attenuata – P. barbata – P. biconvexa – P. bicornis – P. borneensis – P. breviochreata – P. bungeana – P. bussei – P. capitata – P. careyi – P. celebica – P. chinensis – P. cliopolitana – P. debilis – P. decipiens – P. dichotoma – P. dissitiflora – P. eciliata – P. elatior – P. erectominor – P. extremiorientalis – P. ferruginea – P. filiformis – P. foliosa – P. galapagensis – P. geocarpica – P. glabra – P. glacialis – P. glandulo-pilosa – P. glomerata – P. greuteriana – P. hastatosagittata – P. hirsuta – P. hispida – P. hosseusii – P. huananensis – P. humilis – P. hydropiper – P. hydropiperoides – P. hystricula – P. imeretina – P. japonica – P. javanica – P. jucunda – P. kawagoeana – P. lanata – P. lapathifolia – P. leblebicii – P. lii – P. limbata – P. limicola – P. longiflora – P. longiseta – P. maackiana – P. maculosa – P. malaica – P. manshuricola – P. meisneriana – P. microcephala – P. minor – P. mitis – P. muricata – P. nakaii – P. nataliae – P. neofiliformis – P. nepalensis – P. nogueirae – P. obtusifolia – P. odorata – P. oreophila – P. orientalis – P. palmata – P. paraguayensis – P. paralimicola – P. pensylvanica – P. perfoliata – P. peruviana – P. pilushanensis – P. pinetora – P. poiretii – P. posumbu – P. praetermissa – P. prostrata – P. pseudolapathum – P. pubescens – P. punctata – P. robustior – P. rubricaulis – P. runcinata – P. sagittata – P. sagittifolia – P. salicifolia – P. scabra – P. segetum – P. senegalensis – P. senticosa – P. setacea – P. setosula – P. sinica – P. sinuata – P. snobarii – P. stelligera – P. strigosa – P. strindbergii – P. subsagittata – P. subsessilis – P. taitoinsularis – P. taquetii – P. thunbergii – P. tinctoria – P. umbrosa – P. undulata – P. virginiana – P. viscofera – P. viscosa – P. wellensii – P. wugongshanensis
Nothospecies: P. × ambigua
Name

Persicaria (L.) Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. [1054] (1754).

Type species: Persicaria maculosa Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 269 (1821).

Synonyms

Basionym
Polygonum [unranked] Persicaria L., Sp. Pl. 360 (1753).
Heterotypic
Antenoron Raf., Fl. Ludov. 28 (1817).
Tovara Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 276 (1763).
Amblygonum Rchb., Handb. Nat. Pfl.-Syst. 236 (1837).
Cephalophilon (Meisn.) Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 10: 521 (1841).
Echinocaulon Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 10: 521 (1841).
Chylocalyx Hassk., Flora 25(2, Beibl.): 20 (1842).

Homonyms

Peutalis Raf., Fl. Tell. 3: 14 (1837).

References
Primary references

Miller, P. 1754. The Gardeners Dictionary. Abridged. Ed. 4, Vol. 1–3 (unpaged). John & James Rivington, London. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.79061 Reference page.

Additional references

Galasso, G., Banfi, E.A., De Mattia, F., Grassi, F., Sgorbati, S. & Labra, M., 2009. Molecular phylogeny of Polygonum L. s.l. (Polygonoideae, Polygonaceae), focusing on European taxa: preliminary results and systematic considerations based on rbcL plastidial sequence data. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 150(1): 113–148. BHL ResearchGate Reference page.
Kim, S.T. & Donoghue, M.J. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of Persicaria (Persicarieae, Polygonaceae). Systematic Botany 33(1): 77-86. DOI: 10.1600/036364408783887302 Full text PDF from ResearchGate Reference page.
Kim, S.T. & Donoghue, M.J. 2008. Incongruence between cpDNA and nrITS trees indicates extensive hybridization within Eupersicaria (Polygonaceae). American Journal of Botany 95(9): 1122-1135. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0700008 Full text PDF Reference page.
Schuster, T.M., Reveal, J.L. & Kron, K.A. 2011. Phylogeny of Polygoneae (Polygonaceae: Polygonoideae). Taxon 60(6): 1653–1666. DOI: 10.1002/tax.606010 JSTOR Reference page.
Schuster, T.M., Reveal, J.L., Bayly, M.J. & Kron, K.A. 2015. An updated molecular phylogeny of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): Relationships of Oxygonum, Pteroxygonum, and Rumex, and a new circumscription of Koenigia. Taxon 64(6): 1188–1208. DOI: 10.12705/646.5 JSTOR ResearchGate Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Persicaria in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2022 Jan. 2. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2017. Persicaria. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2017. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2017 Mar. 21. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2017. Persicaria. Published online. Accessed: Mar. 24 2017.

Vernacular names
čeština: rdesno
dansk: Pileurt
Deutsch: Knöteriche
English: Smartweeds, Pinkweeds
suomi: Ukontattaret
français: Persicaire
hornjoserbsce: Wuroć
日本語: イヌタデ属
한국어: 여뀌속
Nederlands: Duizendknoop
norsk: Hønsegress
polski: rdest
русский: Персикария
slovenčina: horčiak, stavikrv
svenska: Pilörtssläktet, Pilörter

Persicaria is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds[2]: 436  or smartweeds.[3] It has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species occurring nearly worldwide.[3][4] The genus was segregated from Polygonum.[5]
Persicaria amphibia
Persicaria glabra
Persicaria longiseta
Persicaria minor
Persicaria orientalis

Description

The genus includes annual and perennial herbs with taproots or fibrous root systems, or with rhizomes or stolons. The stems are often erect but may be prostrate along the ground, and some species are prickly.[3] The stems are self-supporting or twining and climbing.[6] The leaves are alternately arranged, deciduous, and variously shaped. The brownish or reddish ochrea may be leathery to papery. The inflorescence may be a panicle or a spikelike or headlike arrangement of fascicles of flowers. The flower is white, greenish, reddish, pink or purple, with the tepals partially fused together along the bases. The fruit is an achene which can take a number of shapes, including a disc or a sphere.[3]
Taxonomy

Within the family Polygonaceae, Persicaria is placed in the subfamily Polygonoideae, where the tribe Persicarieae consists of two sister genera, Bistorta and Koenigia, together with Persicaria.[7]
Persicarieae
 

Persicaria
 
 
 

Bistorta
 
 

Koenigia
 
 
 
Species

As of February 2019, Plants of the World Online accepted the following 131 species:[8][Note 1]

Persicaria acuminata (Kunth) M.Gómez
Persicaria akakiensis (Cufod.) Soják
Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre – amphibious bistort, water smartweed
Persicaria angustifolia (Pall.) Ronse Decr.
Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haraldson – halberd-leaf tearthumb
Persicaria assamica (Meisn.) Soják
Persicaria attenuata (R.Br.) Soják
Persicaria barbata (L.) H.Hara
Persicaria biconvexa (Hayata) Nemoto
Persicaria bicornis (Raf.) Nieuwl. – pink smartweed
Persicaria breviochreata (Makino) Ohki
Persicaria bungeana (Turcz.) Nakai – prickly smartweed
Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross – pink-head knotweed
Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene – Carey's smartweed
Persicaria cespitosa (Blume) Nakai
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross – Chinese knotweed
Persicaria debilis (Meisn.) H.Gross ex W.Lee
Persicaria decipiens (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson – slender knotweed, willow-weed
Persicaria dichotoma (Blume) Masam.
Persicaria dissitiflora (Hemsl.) H.Gross ex T.Mori
Persicaria eciliata M.A.Hassan
Persicaria extremiorientalis (Vorosch.) Tzvelev
Persicaria ferruginea (Wedd.) Soják
Persicaria filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai
Persicaria foliosa (H.Lindb.) Kitag.
Persicaria galapagensis (Caruel) Galasso
Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez' – smooth smartweed
Persicaria glacialis (Meisn.) H.Hara
Persicaria glandulopilosa (De Wild.) Soják
Persicaria glomerata (Dammer) S.Ortiz & Paiva
Persicaria hastatosagittata (Makino) Nakai
Persicaria hirsuta (Walter) Small – hairy smartweed
Persicaria hispida (Kunth) M.Gómez
Persicaria humilis (Meisn.) H.Hara
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre – water-pepper, marsh-pepper smartweed
Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small – swamp smartweed, mild water-pepper
Persicaria hystricula (J.Schust.) Soják
Persicaria japonica (Meisn.) Nakai
Persicaria kawagoeana (Makino) Nakai
Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Soják
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre – pale persicaria
Persicaria laxmannii (Lepech.) H.Gross
Persicaria limbata (Meisn.) H.Hara
Persicaria longiseta (Bruyn) Kitag. – bristly lady's thumb
Persicaria maackiana (Regel) Nakai
Persicaria macrantha (Meisn.) Haraldson
Persicaria maculosa Gray – Jesusplant, spotted lady's thumb, redshank
Persicaria madagascariensis (Meisn.) S.Ortiz & Paiva
Persicaria malaica (Danser) Galasso
Persicaria meisneriana (Cham. & Schltdl.) M.Gómez – Mexican tearthumb
Persicaria microcephala (D.Don) H.Gross
Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz – small water-pepper
Persicaria mitis (Schrank) Assenov
Persicaria muricata (Meisn.) Nemoto
Persicaria neofiliformis (Nakai) Ohki
Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe) – Nepal knotweed
Persicaria nogueirae S.Ortiz & Paiva
Persicaria obtusifolia (Täckh. & Boulos) Greuter & Burdet
Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják – Vietnamese coriander
Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach – kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate, prince's feather, princess-feather
Persicaria palmata (Dunn) Yonek. & H.Ohashi
Persicaria paraguayensis (Wedd.) S.T.Kim & Donoghue
Persicaria peduncularis (Wall. ex Meisn.) Nemoto
Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M.Gómez) – Pennsylvania smartweed
Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H.Gross
Persicaria poiretii (Meisn.) K.L.Wilson
Persicaria posumbu (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
Persicaria praetermissa (Hook.f.) H.Hara
Persicaria prostrata (R.Br.) Soják - Creeping Knotweed
Persicaria pubescens (Blume) H.Hara
Persicaria pulchra (Blume) Soják
Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small – dotted knotweed
Persicaria puritanorum (Fernald) Soják
Persicaria robustior (Small) E.P.Bicknell – stout smartweed
Persicaria roseoviridis Kitag.
Persicaria rubricaulis (Cham.) Galasso
Persicaria rudis (Meisn.) H.Gross
Persicaria runcinata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross – American tearthumb, arrowleaf tearthumb, arrowvine
Persicaria segetum (Kunth) Small
Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) Soják
Persicaria senticosa (Meisn.) H.Gross
Persicaria setacea (Baldwin) Small – bog smartweed
Persicaria setosula (A.Rich.) K.L.Wilson
Persicaria sinica Migo
Persicaria sinuata (Royle ex Bab.) H.Gross
Persicaria stagnina (Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.) M.A.Hassan
Persicaria stelligera (Cham.) Galasso
Persicaria strigosa (R.Br.) Nakai – spotted knotweed
Persicaria subsessilis (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson
Persicaria sungareensis Kitag.
Persicaria taquetii (H.Lév.) Koidz.
Persicaria tenella (Blume) H.Hara
Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross
Persicaria tinctoria (Aiton) Spach – Chinese indigo, polygonum-indigo
Persicaria trigonocarpa (Makino) Nakai
Persicaria truellum (Koidz.) Honda
Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. – jumpseed
Persicaria viscofera (Makino) H.Gross
Persicaria viscosa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross ex T.Mori
Persicaria wellensii (De Wild.) Soják

Notes

As of May 2019, "Persicaria persicaria Small" was also listed, but the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants does not allow tautonyms, and this name is illegitimate.[9] The correct name is Persicaria maculosa.

References

"Persicaria Mill". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780521707725.
Persicaria. Flora of North America.
Persicaria. New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
Wilson, K. L. (1990). Some widespread species of Persicaria (Polygonaceae) and their allies. Kew Bulletin 45(4) 621-36.
Persicaria. FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium.
Schuster et al 2015.
"Persicaria Mill". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-03-07.

"Plant Name Details for Persicaria persicaria Small". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2019-05-05.

Bibliography

Schuster, Tanja M.; Reveal, James L.; Bayly, Michael J. & Kron, Kathleen A. (2015). "An updated molecular phylogeny of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): Relationships of Oxygonum, Pteroxygonum, and Rumex, and a new circumscription of Koenigia". Taxon. 64 (6): 1188–1208. doi:10.12705/646.5.