Hyacinthus orientalis

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Asparagaceae
Subfamilia: Scilloideae
Tribus: Hyacintheae
Subtribus: Hyacinthinae
Genus: Hyacinthus
Species: Hyacinthus orientalis
Subspecies: H. o. subsp. chionophilus – H. o. subsp. orientalis
Name

Hyacinthus orientalis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 317. 1753.
Synonyms

Homotypic
Scilla coronaria Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 243. 1796, nom. superfl.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Middle Europe
Netherlands (introduced)
Regional: Southwestern Europe
France, Sardegna (all introduced)
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Greece, Italy, Sicilia, Yugoslavia (all introduced)
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Western Asia
Cyprus (introduced), Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Turkey
Regional: Eastern Asia
Korea (introduced)
Continental: Northern America
Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
Pennsylvania (introduced)
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
California (introduced)
Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
Texas (introduced)
Regional: Mexico
Mexico Central (introduced)
Continental: Southern America
Regional: Caribbean
Cuba, Haiti (all introduced)

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 317. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Hyacinthus orientalis in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Jan 31. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Hyacinthus orientalis L. in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.
Hyacinthus orientalis L. – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Hyacinthus orientalis – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
EOL: Hyacinthus orientalis

Vernacular names
català: Jacint
čeština: Hyacint
dansk: Almindelig Hyacint
Deutsch: Gartenhyazinthe
English: Common Hyacinth
español: Hyacinthus
فارسی: سنبل
suomi: Hyasintti, tuoksuhyasintti
français: Jacinthe
עברית: יקינתון מזרחי
hornjoserbsce: Zahrodna hyacinta
magyar: Kerti jácint
italiano: Giacinto
日本語: ヒアシンス
Lëtzebuergesch: Hyazinthen
lietuvių: Rytinis hiacintas
Nederlands: Hyacint
polski: Hiacynt
português: Hyacinthus
română: Zambilă
русский: Гиацинт восточный
slovenščina: hijacinta
српски / srpski: Зумбул
svenska: Hyacint
Türkçe: Sümbül
中文: 风信子Hyacinthus orientalis, the common hyacinth, garden hyacinth or Dutch hyacinth, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloidiae, native to southwestern Asia, southern and central Turkey, northwestern Syria, Lebanon and northern Israel. It was introduced to Europe in the 16th century. It is widely cultivated everywhere in the temperate world for its strongly fragrant flowers which appear exceptionally early in the season, and frequently forced to flower at Christmas time.[2]

Description

It is a bulbous plant, with a 3–7 cm diameter bulb. The leaves are strap-shaped, 15–35 cm long and 1–3 cm broad, with a soft, succulent texture, and produced in a basal whorl. The flowering stem is a raceme, which grows to 20–35 cm (rarely to 45 cm) tall, bearing 2–50 fragrant purple flowers 2–3.5 cm long with a tubular, six-lobed perianth.
Mythology

In Greek mythology, Hyakinthos was a young man admired by Apollo and Zephyr, but killed by a discus in a jealous fight between the two gods; a flower was allegedly named after him when it sprang from his blood. However, Theophrastus describes both a cultivated and a wild plant called ὑάκινθος (hyakinthos), neither of which are considered to be the modern hyacinth.[3]
Reproduction

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The reproduction of the plant in cultivation can be done easily by dividing the newly appeared bulbs from the main plant. In nature, this method is also used by the hyacinth but the plant also has a specific kind of reproduction by seeds.

The plant is pollinated by different insects such as honey bees. The flowers are very fragrant and attract the insects by rewarding them with nectar.

After flowering the ripening of the seed capsules begins. They are fleshy, spherical structures. When the capsules reach maturity, they get dried and split into three parts. Each part has two subdivisions and contains a different quantity of seeds. The seeds are black grains with one white elaiosome of variable size. The seeds are dispersed through myrmecochory; that is, ants find the seeds and take them into their burrows where they use the elaiosome for food. There the seeds can germinate.
Cultivation
Hyacinth cultivars, showing many of the available colors

H. orientalis has a long history of cultivation as an ornamental plant, grown across the Mediterranean region, and later France (where it is used in perfumery), the Netherlands (a major centre of cultivation) and elsewhere.

It flowers in the early spring, growing best in full sun to part shade in well-drained, but not dry, soil. It requires a winter dormancy period, and will only persist in cold-weather regions. It is grown for the clusters of strongly fragrant, brightly coloured flowers. Over 2,000 cultivars have been selected and named, with flower colour in shades of blue, white, pale yellow, pink, red or purple; most cultivars have also been selected for denser flower spikes than the wild type, bearing 40–100 or more flowers on each spike.
Cultivars
’Delft Blue’

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[4]

'Aida'[5] (deep blue)
'Anna Marie'[6] (pink)
'Blue Festival'[7] (pale blue)
'Blue Jacket'[8] (blue)
'Chicago'[9] (violet blue)
'City of Haarlem'[10] (cream)
'Delft Blue'[11] (blue)
'Fairly'[12] (white)
'Gipsy Queen'[13] (salmon pink)
'Jan Bos'[14] (deep pink)
'L'Innocence'[15] (white)
'Miss Saigon'[16] (deep pink)
'Ostara'[17] (blue)
'Paul Hermann'[18] mauve-pink
'Royal Navy'[19] (dark blue)
'Yellow Queen'[20] (cream yellow)

Forcing

Hyacinths are among the most popular bulbs selected for the process known as forcing, whereby plants are induced to flower earlier than their natural season (in this case, Christmas). It involves depriving bulbs of light and warmth for a period of several weeks, before growing them on in a bright, cool place such as a kitchen windowsill. It is possible to grow the bulbs in a narrow-necked vase of water, thus being able to view the root growth. Alternatively, bulbs can be purchased pre-forced.[21][22]
Toxicity

H. orientalis contains alkaloids and is toxic if eaten in large quantities. The bulb, however, is the most poisonous part and should not be ingested under any circumstances.
See also

List of poisonous plants

References

"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 552. ISBN 9781405332965.
Raven, J.E. (2000), Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece, Oxford: Leopard Head Press, ISBN 978-0-904920-40-6, pp. 26–27
"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 50. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Aida'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"RHS Plant Selector - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Anna Marie'". Retrieved 25 August 2020.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Blue Festival'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Blue Jacket'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Chicago'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"RHS Plant Selector - Hyacinthus orientalis 'City of Haarlem'". Retrieved 25 August 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Delft Blue'". Retrieved 25 August 2020.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Fairly'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"RHS Plant Selector - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Gipsy Queen'". Retrieved 28 August 2020.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Jan Bos'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"RHS Plant Selector - Hyacinthus orientalis 'L'Innocence'". Retrieved 28 August 2020.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Miss Saigon'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"RHS Plant Selector - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Ostara'". Retrieved 28 August 2020.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Paul Hermann'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Royal Navy'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"RHS Plantfinder - Hyacinthus orientalis 'Yellow Queen'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
"Bulbs for Christmas flowering". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
"Forcing spring bulbs". Greenshare factsheets. University of Rhode Island Landscape horticulture program. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.