Halocnemum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Ordo: Caryophyllales

Familia: Amaranthaceae s.l.
Cladus: Chenopodiaceae s.str.
Subfamilia: Salicornioideae
Tribus: Salicornieae
Genus: Halocnemum

Species: H. cruciatum – H. strobilaceum

Names in synonymy: H. americanum – H. amplexicaule – H. arabicum – H. arbuscula – H. australasicum – H. caspicum – H. cinereum – H. drepanense – H. foliatum – H. fruticosum – H. glaucum – H. indicum – H. monandrum – H. moniliforme – H. nodulosum – H. ritterianum – H. yurdakulolii

Name

Halocnemum M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 3. (1819)

Lectotype (designated by Moquin-Tandon 1849, Prodr. 13(2): 149.): Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M.Bieb..

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Europe
Southwestern Europe
Spain
Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, [Sardinia, Sicily] Romania
Eastern Europe
Russian Federation-European part, [European part] Ukraine (incl. Krym)
Africa
Northern Africa
Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation (Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk)
Middle Asia
Kazakhstan
Caucasus
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia
Western Asia
Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, [Sinai], Lebanon, Syria
Arabian Peninsula
Kuwait
China
Gansu (n.w.), Xinjiang
Mongolia
Mongolia
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Pakistan

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References
Primary references

Bieberstein, F.A.M.v. 1819. Flora Taurico-Caucasica. Tomus 3. Supplementum, continens plantas phaenogamas, per Tauriam utque Caucasum, post edita priore volumine detectas, et in pristinas animadversiones. 655 pp., Charkouiae [Kharkov], Typis Academicis. BHL Reference page. : 3.

Additional references

Zhu, G., Mosyakin, S.L. & Clemants, S.E.:
'eFloras 2008. Halocnemum in Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
Hedge, I.C. 1997. Halocnemum. In:
Hedge, I.C., Akhani, H., Freitag, H., Kothe-Heinrich, G., Podlech, D., Rilke, S. & Uotila, P. 1997. Chenopodiaceae. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.): Flora Iranica Vol. 172. 371 pp., 212 tab., Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt Graz. Reference page. : 126–128.
Freitag, H., Hedge, I.C, Jafri, S.M.H, Kothe-Heinrich, G., Omer, S. & Uotila, P. 2001. Chenopodiaceae. In: Ali, S.I. (ed.): Flora of Pakistan 204. 217 pp., Department of Botany/Missouri Botanical Press, Karachi/St. Louis, ISBN 1-930723-10-5 eFloras. Reference page. : Halocnemum
Yaprak, A.E. & Kadereit, G. 2008. A new species of Halocnemum M.Bieb. (Amaranthaceae) from southern Turkey. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 716–721. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00910.x Reference page.
Guarino, R. & Bacchetta, G. 2012. Studi tassonomici sulle popolazioni italiane di Halocnemum strobilaceum (Amaranthaceae). p. 29–30. In: Bacchetta, V., Brullo, C., Brullo S., Guarino, R. & Sciandrello S. (eds.): Flora vascolare d'Italia: studi biosistematici, taxa endemici e loci classici. Roma. ISBN 978-88-85915-06-0 PDF Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Halocnemum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Dec. 18. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2016. Halocnemum. Published online. Accessed: Jul. 07 2016.
The Plant List 2013. Halocnemum in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2016 Jul. 07.
Tropicos.org 2016. Halocnemum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 07 Jul. 2016.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2019. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Halocnemum.

Halocnemum is a genus of halophytic shrubs in the family Amaranthaceae. The plants are fleshy and apparently articulated with characteristic globular or short-cylindrical lateral branches, and reduced leaves and flowers. There are two species, occurring from Southern Europe and North Africa to Asia.

Description

The species of Halocnemum are subshrubs or low shrubs up to 1.5 m, much branched from base. Young stems are succulent, glabrous, apparently articulated, with characteristic globular to short-cylindrical lateral branches. The opposite leaves are fleshy, glabrous, sessile, joined at base and surrounding the stem, their blades reduced to small scales.[1]

The inflorescences are terminal or numerous opposite lateral, short-cylindrical or orbicular spikes. Cymes of (two to) three flowers are sitting in the axils of shield-like, opposite bracts. The mostly bisexual flowers are somewhat immersed in the inflorescence axis. The perianth consists of three subequal, membranous tepals that are loosely connate at base. There is one stamen exserting the flower and an ovoid ovary with a thick style and two stigmas.[1]

In fruit the perianth remains unchanged. The fruit is obovoid and free. The vertical seed is orange to red-brown, with slightly papillose seed coat. The seed contains the curved embryo and copious perisperm (feeding tissue).[1]
Distribution and habitat

The distribution area of Halocnemum covers Southern Europe, the Mediterranean region, North Africa, Eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, Middle Asia to China (Xinjiang, Gansu).[1]

The plants grow in coastal salt marshes or wet inland salt flats, sabkhas, on salty clay, in salt steppes or dried river beds, up to 1200 m above sea level.[1]
Systematics
Halocnemum cruciatum
twigs of Halocnemum cruciatum with globular lateral branches

The genus Halocnemum was first published in 1819 by Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein,[2] at that time comprising two species, Halocnemum strobilaceum and Halocnemum caspicum (the latter is now a synonym of Halostachys belangeriana). Halocnemum strobilaceum was selected as the type species.[3] During the 19th century further species were added, later these were grouped into other genera or treated just as synonyms of Halocnemum strobilaceum. For many years the genus Halocnemum has been regarded as monotypic. In 2008, the new species Halocnemum yurdakulolii was discovered,[4] which was synonymized with Halocnemum cruciatum in 2012.[5]

According to Bacchetta et al.[5] (2012) and Biondi et al.[6] (2013), Halocnemum comprises two species:

Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb.: a dwarf prostrate-ascendent shrub up to 60 cm, glaucous, with globular or cylindrical lateral branches and spikes, and more or less smooth seeds. Widely distributed in Eastern Europe (from Italy and Greece to Ukraine) and in Asia (Anatolia, Caucasus region, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Arabia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Mongolia, western China).[6]
Halocnemum cruciatum (Forssk.) Tod. (Syn. Halocnemum yurdakulolii Yaprak}, an upright shrub up to 1,5 m, pale yellowish-green, all lateral branches globular, and seeds papillose along the raphe (seed-edge). Distributed mainly at the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea: southern Spain and southern Italy (Sicily, Sardinia), Tunisia, Egypt, Libya (Cyrenaica), Cyprus, southern coast of Turkey, more rarely in inland (Sinai peninsula, Morocco, salt basins of the Sahara and the Saharo-Arabian area).[6]

Phylogenetic research confirmed, that Halocnemum is closely related to the genus Halostachys.[7]
Uses

Halocnemum strobilaceum has small economic value as a grazing plant for camels and sheep.[4] Plants are very good prime colonizers and are often used to rehabilitate pastures on highly saline soils.[8] They are used as source of potash and as fuel by nomadic tribes.[4]
References

Hedge, I.C.: Halocnemum. In: Rechinger, K.H. et al. (eds.): Flora Iranica, Vol. 172, Chenopodiaceae, Akad. Druck, Graz 1997, p. 126–128. ISBN 3-201-00728-5.
Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein: Flora Taurico-Caucasica 3: p. 3 First publication scanned at BHL
"Halocnemum". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
Yaprak, A.E., & Kadereit, G.: A new species of Halocnemum M.Bieb. (Amaranthaceae) from southern Turkey. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 158, 2008, p. 716–721. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00910.x
Bacchetta, G., Brullo, C., Brullo, S., Guarino, R., & Sciandrello, S.: Studi tassonomici sulle popolazioni italiane di Halocnemum strobilaceum (Amaranthaceae). In: Bacchetta, G., Brullo, C., Brullo, S., Guarino, R., & Sciandrello, S.: Flora vascolare d'Italia: studi biosistematici, taxa endemici e loci classici. Roma, 2012. p. 29–30. ISBN 978-88-85915-06-0.
Biondi, E., Casavecchia, S., Estrelles, E., & Soriano, P.: Halocnemum M. Bieb. vegetation in the Mediterranean Basin. In: Plant Biosystems 147(3), 2013, p. 536–547 doi:10.1080/11263504.2013.832709
Kadereit, G., Mucina, L. & Freitag, H.: Phylogeny of Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae): diversification, biogeography, and evolutionary trends in leaf and flower morphology, In: Taxon, Volume 55 (3), 2006, p. 617–642.
Entry at Pl@antUse, according to Gintzburger et al.: Rangelands in Uzbekistan, 2003. Accessed 8 August 2016.