Fagaceae

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fagales

Familia: Fagaceae
Genera: Castanea – Castanopsis – Chrysolepis – Fagus – Lithocarpus – Notholithocarpus – Quercus – Trigonobalanus
Paleogenera: †Berryophyllum – †Castaneophyllum – †Dryophyllum – †Fagopsis

Name

Fagaceae Dumortier (nom. cons.)

Type genus: Fagus L. Sp. Pl. 997. (1753)

Synonyms

Castaneaceae Brenner, Florist. Handb.: 167 (1886)
Quercaceae Martinov, Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 525 (1820)

References
Primary references

Dumortier, B.-C. 1829. Analyse des Familles de Plantes: avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent. 104 pp., Tournay, J. Casterman. BHL Reference page. : 11, 12

Additional references

Wolfe, Jack A. (1968) Paleogene biostratigraphy of nonmarine rocks in King County, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 571.
Wolfe, Jack A. & Wehr, Wesley C. (1987) Middle Eocene Dicotyledonous Plants from Republic, Northeastern Washington. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1597: 13.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Fagaceae in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jun 25. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Fagaceae in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jun 25. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Fagaceae. Published online. Accessed: Jun 25 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Fagaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 25 Jun 2021.
Hassler, M. 2021. Fagaceae. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jun 25. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Fagaceae. Accessed: 25 Jun 2021.

Vernacular names
العربية: زانية, بلوطية
azərbaycanca: Fıstıqkimilər
беларуская: Букавыя
български: Букови
català: Fagàcies
čeština: Bukovité
dansk: Bøge-familien
Deutsch: Buchengewächse
dolnoserbski: Bukowe rostliny
English: Beech family
Esperanto: Fagacoj
eesti: Pöögilised
euskara: Fagazeo
فارسی: راشیان
suomi: Pyökkikasvit
français: Fagacée
עברית: אלוניים
hrvatski: Bukovke
hornjoserbsce: Bukowe rostliny
magyar: Bükkfafélék
italiano: Fagacee
日本語: ブナ科
ქართული: წიფლისებრნი
қазақша: Шамшаттар тұқымдасы
한국어: 참나무과
kurdî: Famîleya narewanan
Lëtzebuergesch: Bicheplanzen
lietuvių: Bukiniai
latviešu: Dižskābaržu dzimta
македонски: Буки
മലയാളം: ഫാഗേസീ
မြန်မာဘာသာ: ညံ
Nederlands: Napjesdragersfamilie, Beukenfamilie
norsk: Bøkefamilien
polski: Bukowate
پنجابی: بلوط ٹبر
Runa Simi: Haya yura rikch'aq ayllu
русский: Буковые
slovenščina: Bukovke
svenska: Bokväxter
ไทย: วงศ์ก่อ
Türkçe: Kayıngiller
українська: Букові
Tiếng Việt: Họ Cử, Họ Sồi
West-Vlams: Beukachtign
中文（简体）: 山毛榉科, 壳斗科
中文（繁體）: 山毛櫸科, 殼斗科

Fagaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes beeches, chestnuts and oaks, and comprises eight genera with about 927 species.[2] Fagaceae in temperate regions are mostly deciduous, whereas in the tropics, many species occur as evergreen trees and shrubs. They are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like (cupule) nuts. Their leaves are often lobed and both petioles and stipules are generally present. Their fruits lack endosperm and lie in a scaly or spiny husk that may or may not enclose the entire nut, which may consist of one to seven seeds. In the oaks, genus Quercus, the fruit is a non-valved nut (usually containing one seed) called an acorn. The husk of the acorn in most oaks only forms a cup in which the nut sits. Other members of the family have fully enclosed nuts. Fagaceae is one of the most ecologically important woody plant families in the Northern Hemisphere, as oaks form the backbone of temperate forest in North America, Europe, and Asia, and are one of the most significant sources of wildlife fodder.

Several members of the Fagaceae have important economic uses. Many species of oak, chestnut, and beech (genera Quercus, Castanea, and Fagus, respectively) are commonly used as timber for floors, furniture, cabinets, and wine barrels. Cork for stopping wine bottles and a myriad other uses is made from the bark of cork oak, Quercus suber. Chestnuts are the fruits from species of the genus Castanea. Numerous species from several genera are prominent ornamentals, and wood chips from the genus Fagus are often used in flavoring beers. Nuts of some species in the Asian tropical genera Castanopsis and Lithocarpus are edible and often used as ornamentals.

Classification

The Fagaceae are often divided into five or six subfamilies and are generally accepted to include 8 (to 10) genera (listed below). Monophyly of the Fagaceae is strongly supported by both morphological (especially fruit morphology) and molecular data.[3]

The Southern Hemisphere genus Nothofagus, commonly the southern beeches, was historically placed in the Fagaceae sister to the genus Fagus,[4] but recent molecular evidence suggests otherwise. While Nothofagus shares a number of common characteristics with the Fagaceae, such as cupule fruit structure, it differs significantly in a number of ways, including distinct stipule and pollen morphology, as well as having a different number of chromosomes.[5] The currently accepted view by systematic botanists is to place Nothofagus in its own family, Nothofagaceae.[3]
Subfamilies and genera

Fagoideae K. Koch
Fagus L.—beeches; about 10 to 13 species, north temperate east Asia, southwest Asia, Europe, eastern North America
Quercoideae Õrsted
Castanea Mill. 1754—chestnuts; eight species, north temperate east Asia, southwest Asia, southeast Europe, eastern North America
Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach 1841—chinquapins or chinkapins; about 125–130 species, southeast Asia
Chrysolepis Hjelmq. 1948—golden chinkapins; two species, western United States
Lithocarpus Blume 1826—stone oaks; about 330-340 species, warm temperate to tropical Asia
Notholithocarpus P. S. Manos, C. H. Cannon & S.H. Oh 2008 [2009]—Tanoaks; 1 species (formerly Lithocarpus densiflorus), endemic to California and southwest Oregon
Quercus L. 1753—oaks; about 600 species, widespread Northern Hemisphere, crossing the equator in Indonesia
Trigonobalanus Forman 1962—one species T. verticillata, tropical southeast Asia (three species of Colombobalanus and Formanodendron are included)

The Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis is treated as a distinct genus by the Flora of China, but as a subgenus by most taxonomists.

The genus Nothofagus (southern beeches; about 40 species from the Southern Hemisphere), formerly included in the Fagaceae, is now treated in the separate family Nothofagaceae.
Distribution

The Fagaceae are widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Genus-level diversity is concentrated in Southeast Asia,[6] where most of the extant genera are thought to have evolved before migrating to Europe and North America (via the Bering Land Bridge).[7] Members of the Fagaceae (such as Fagus grandifolia, Castanea dentata and Quercus alba in the Northeastern United States, or Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur and Q. petraea in Europe) are often ecologically dominant in northern temperate forests. In tropical Southeast Asia, more than 400 species of Castanopsis and Lithocarpus are occur, with some species performing similar dominant roles over large areas.
Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[8][9]
 
 

	Nothofagaceae (outgroup)   Fagaceae Fagoideae Fagus   Quercoideae   Trigonobalanus         Lithocarpus     Chrysolepis         Quercus pro parte       Notholithocarpus       Quercus pro parte       Castanopsis     Castanea

 
 
Images

Flowering, 2018

Acorns, 2018

References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
Judd, Walter S., Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, Michael J. Donoghue. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach Third Edition. Sinauer Associates, inc. Sunderland, MA 2008.
Cronquist, Arthur. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press: New York, NY 1981.
Takhtajan, Armen. Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New York 1997.
Strijk, J.S. (September 5, 2018). "asianfagaceae.com – The complete database for information on the evolutionary history, diversity, identification and conservation of over 700 Species of Asian trees". Asian Fagaceae. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
Manos PS, Stanford AM (2001). "The historical biogeography of Fagaceae: Tracking the tertiary history of temperate and subtropical forests of the Northern Hemisphere". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 162 (Suppl. 6): S77–S93. doi:10.1086/323280. S2CID 84936653.
Manos PS, Cannon CH, Oh S-H (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of the paleoendemic Fagaceae of Western North America: recognition of a new genus, Notholithocarpus" (PDF). Madroño. 55 (3): 181–190. doi:10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.181. S2CID 85671229. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
Xiang X-G, Wang W, Li R-Q, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou Z-K, Li Z-Y, Chen Z-D (2014). "Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 16 (3): 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001.