Eryngium planum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Apiales

Familia: Apiaceae
Subfamilia: Saniculoideae
Tribus: Saniculeae
Genus: Eryngium
Species: Eryngium planum
Name

Eryngium planum L., 1753
Synonyms

Eryngium pusillum Gilib.
Eryngium pumilum Gilib.
Eryngium planum var. armatum Csató ex Simonk.
Eryngium planum Lindl.
Eryngium planifolium Pall.
Eryngium latifolium Gilib.
Eryngium intermedium Weinm.
Eryngium caeruleum Gilib.
Eryngium brunardii Guétrot
Eryngium armatum Csató ex Simonk.

Homonyms

Eryngium planum Lapeyr. = Eryngium bourgatii subsp. bourgatii
Eryngium planum Lindl. = Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, E-Germany, Hungary, Serbia & Kosovo, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Crimea, C-, N-, NW- & E-European Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldavia, European Turkey
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Northern Caucasus, Armenia, Georgia [Caucasus], Azerbaijan, Siberia (W-Siberia, C-Siberia), Russian Far East, China (Xinjiang), Mongolia, Kazakhstan, India (NW-Himalaya), Jammu & Kashmir (Kashmir)

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 233. Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Eryngium planum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Sep 16. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Eryngium planum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.
International Plant Names Index. 2017. Eryngium planum. Published online. Accessed: Sep 09 2017.
The Plant List 2013. Eryngium planum in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2017 Sep 09.

Tropicos.org 2017. Eryngium planum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 09 Sep 2017.

Vernacular names
suomi: Sinipiikkiputki
magyar: Kék iringó

Eryngium planum, the blue eryngo[1] or flat sea holly, is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the area that includes central and southeastern Europe and central Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial thistle growing to 50 cm (20 in) with branched silvery-blue stems, and numerous small blue conical flowerheads surrounded by spiky bracts in summer.[2]
Herbal

Eryngium planum is used in European folk medicine as a diuretic, a stimulant, and an appetizer owing to its essential oils, and bioactive compounds,[3] and in this usage it may be known as Eryngii plani herba or Eryngii plani radix.
Analysis

The groups of bioactive compounds present in E. planum are phenolic acids, triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, and essential oils.[4] The wide range of compounds is reflected in the wide range of uses.

Qualitative and quantitative determinations of the phenolic acids by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) show relatively small amounts of rosmarinic, chlorogenic, and caffeic acids in the basal leaves and the roots of intact plants, and greater concentrations in E. planum from in vitro cultures. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential oil compounds performed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector linked to a mass spectrometer (GC-FID-MS) show the main components of stalk leaf oil, and rosette leaf oil, as monoterpenes (limonene, and α- and β-pinene), sesquiterpenes, and hydrocarbons. (Z)-Falcarinol was found as the major component of root essential oil.[3]
References

BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
Thiem, Barbara; Kikowska, Małgorzata; Kurowska, Anna; Kalemba, Danuta (2011). "Essential Oil Composition of the Different Parts and In Vitro Shoot Culture of Eryngium planum L." Molecules. 16 (8): 7115–7124. doi:10.3390/molecules16087115. PMC 6264572. PMID 25134776.
Kikowska, Małgorzata; Budzianowski, Jaromir; Krawczyk, Aldona; Thiem, Barbara (2012). "Accumulation of rosmarinic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids in in vitro cultures of Eryngium planum L." Acta Physiol Plant. 34 (6): 2425–2433. doi:10.1007/s11738-012-1011-1. S2CID 17179614.