Dysphania

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Ordo: Caryophyllales

Familia: Amaranthaceae s.l.
Cladus: Chenopodiaceae s.str.
Subfamilia: Chenopodioideae
Tribus: Dysphanieae
Genus: Dysphania

Sectiones: D. sect. Adenois – D. sect. Botryoides – D. sect. Dysphania – D. sect. Orthospora – D. sect. Roubieva
Name

Dysphania R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 411. (1810), s.l.

Type: Dysphania littoralis R.Br.

Mosyakin & Clemants (2002) extended the genus for the glandular species of Chenopodium subgenus Ambrosia A.J.Scott..
Synonyms

Homotypic
Chenopodium sect. Dysophania (R.Br.) Aellen, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 63(5): 486. (1930)
Heterotypic
Ambrina Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 5: 295. (1836), nom. superfl. for Roubieva Moq. (1834)
Botrydium Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 5: 298. (1836), nom. illeg. (later homonym of Botrydium Wallr. 1815)
Lectotype (designated by Scott 1978, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 100: 212): Botrydium aromaticum Spach
Meiomeria Standl., N. Amer. Fl. 21(1): 7. (1916)
Type: Meiomeria stellata (S. Watson) Standl.
Neobotrydium Moldenke, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 35: 330. (1946) replaces Botrydium Spach
Roubieva Moq., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 1: 292, t. 10. (1834)
Type: Roubieva multifida (L.) Moq.
pro parte:
Orthosporum (R.Br.) C.A.Mey. ex T. Nees, Gen. Fl. Germ. [T. Nees] [1]: ad [t. 57]. (1835), pro parte
Type: ?
Orthospermum (R.Br.) Opiz, Seznam 70. (1852), nom. superfl. for Orthosporum (R. Brown) T. Nees (1835), pro parte
Botrys (Rchb.) Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 274. (1914), nom. illeg. (later homonym of Botrys Fourr. 1869, Lamiaceae)
Type: ?

Overview of species
Species

D. ambrosioides – D. anthelmintica – D. bhutanica – D. bonariensis – D. botrys – D. burkartii – D. carinata – D. chilensis – D. congolana – D. cristata – D. dissecta – D. geoffreyi – D. glandulosa – D. glomulifera – D. graveolens – D. himalaica – D. kalpari – D. kitiae – D. littoralis – D. mandonii – D. melanocarpa – D. microcarpa – D. minuata – D. multifida – D. neglecta – D. nepalensis – D. oblanceolata – D. plantaginella – D. platycarpa – D. procera – D. pseudomultiflora – D. pumilio – D. pusilla – D. retusa – D. rhadinostachya – D. saxatilis – D. schraderiana – D. simulans – D. sphaerosperma – D. stellata – D. tibetica – D. tomentosa – D. truncata – D. valida – D. venturii
Hybrids

D. × bontei – D. × christii
Names in synonymy

D. andicola – D. benthamiana – D. dunosa – D. inflata – D. myriocephala – D. sooana

for Ambrina: A. ambrosioides – A. andicola – A. anthelmintica – A. botrys – A. carinata – A. chilensis – A. denudata – A. dissecta – A. foetida – A. graveolens – A. incisa – A. obovata – A. parvula – A. pinnatisecta – A. pumilio – A. retusa – A. spathulata – A. tenuis – A. tomentosa
for Botrydium: B. aromaticum – B. botrys – B. schraderi
for Meiomeria: M. stellata
for Neobotrydium: N. ambrosioides – N. botrys – N. burundiense – N. carinatum – N. corniculatum – N. cristatum – N. dissectum – N. foetidum – N. graveolens – N. incisum – N. longii – N. melanocarpum – N. ornithopodum – N. peruense – N. procerum – N. pumilio – N. pusillum – N. saxatile – N. schraderianum – N. tibeticum – N. truncatum
for Orthosporum: O. ambrosioides – O. anthelminticum – O. bonus-henricus – O. glaucum – O. multifidum – O. rubrum – O. suffruticosum – O. unctuosum
for Orthospermum: O. acuminatum – O. bonus-henricus – O. crassifolium – O. glaucum – O. rubrum – O. unctuosum
for Roubieva: R. anthelmintica – R. bonariensis – R. botrys – R. burkartii – R. chilensis – R. diversifolia – R. haumanii – R. medicinalis – R. microcarpa – R. multifida – R. obovata – R. querciformis

References
Primary references

Brown, R. 1810. Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. pp. i–viii + 145–590, Londini: R.Taylor. BHL Reference page. 411
Moldenke, H.N. 1946. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Wild and Cultivated Flora of Pennsylvania. I. American Midland Naturalist 35(2): 289–399. DOI: 10.2307/2421669 JSTOR Reference page. : 330
Moquin-Tandon, A. 1834. Descriptions de plusieurs nouveaux genres de Chénopodées. Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2 1: 203–211, 289–294. BHL Reference page. : 292–294, pl. 10, f. B.
Nees von Esenbeck, T.F.L. 1833–1837. Genera Plantarum Florae Germanicae. Fasc. 1–16, pl. 1–320. Bonnae: sumtibus Henri & Cohen. (see TL2 for dates of publication) Reference page. : t. 57
Nieuwland, J.A. 1914. Notes on our local plants. - VI. American Midland Naturalist 3: 274–283. BHL Reference page. : 274
Opiz, P.M. 1852. Seznam Rostlin Kvĕteny České. V. Praze: Řivnáč. online Reference page. : 70
Spach, É. 1836. Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames. Tome 5. 524 pp. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris. BHL Reference page. : 295, 298
Standley, P.C. 1916. Chenopodiaceae. pp. 1–93. In: North American Flora. Vol. 21, Part 1. The New York Botanical Garden. BHLReference page. : 7

Additional references

Fuentes-Bazan, S., Uotila, P. & Borsch, T. 2012. A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). Willdenowia 42(1): 5–24. DOI: 10.3372/wi42.42101 Full text PDF Reference page.
Mosyakin, S.L. & Clemants, S.E. 2002. New nomenclatural combinations in Dysphania R.Br. (Chenopodiaceae): taxa occurring in North America. Ukrayins'kyi Botanicnyi Zhurnal 59(4): 380–385. Reference page. : 382
Mosyakin, S.L. & Clemants, S.E. 2008. Further Transfers of glandular-pubescent species from Chenopodium subg. Ambrosia to Dysphania (Chenopodiaceae). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 2(1): 425–431. BHL Reference page.
Sukhorukov, A.P., Kushunina, M., El Mokni, R., Sáez Goñalons, L., El Aouni, M.H. & Daniel, T.F. 2018. Chorological and taxonomic notes on African plants, 3. Botany Letters 165(2): 228–240. DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2018.1465467 Reference page.
Zhang, M.L. & Chu, G.L. 2016. Resurrection of the genus Botrydium Spach (Chenopodiaceae), with a description of four new species from China, Peru and Burundi. Plant Diversity 38(6): 322-329. DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2016.10.005 Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Dysphania. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Oct. 6. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2016. Dysphania. Published online. Accessed: Mar. 16 2016.
Tropicos.org 2016. Dysphania (Amaranthaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 16 Mar. 2016.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Drüsengänsefuß
中文: 刺藜属 (ci li shu)

Dysphania is a plant genus in the family Amaranthaceae, distributed worldwide from the tropics and subtropics to warm-temperate regions.

Description
Inflorescence of Epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides)

The species of genus Dysphania are annual plants or short-lived perennials. They are covered with stalked or sessile glandular hairs and therefore with aromatic scent (or malodorous to some people). Some species have uniseriate multicellular trichomes, rarely becoming glabrous. The stems are erect, ascending, decumbent, or prostrate and mostly branched.

The alternate leaves are mostly petiolate, (the upper ones sometimes sessile). The leaf blade is linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, ovate, or elliptic, often pinnately lobed, with cuneate or truncate base, anentire, dentate, or serrate margins.

The inflorescences are terminal, loose, simple or compound cymes or dense axillary glomerules. Bracts are absent or reduced. Flowers are bisexual (rarely unisexual), with up to five tepals connate only basally or fused to form sac, one to five stamens, and a superior ovary with one to three filiform stigmata.
Fruits and seeds of Dysphania botrys

The fruit is often enclosed in perianth. The membranous pericarp is adherent or nonadherent to the horizontal or vertical, subglobose, or lenticular seed. The seed coat is smooth or rugose. The annular or incompletely annular embryo is surrounding the copious farinose perisperm.
Chromosome numbers

Chromosome numbers reported are 2n=16, 18, 32, 36, and 48.[1]
Photosynthesis pathway

All species of genus Dysphania are C3 plants with normal leaf anatomy.[2]
Distribution

The genus Dysphania is distributed worldwide from the tropics and subtropics to warm-temperate regions. In Europe, the species are native, archaeophytes, or naturalized, in the northern regions absent or rarely adventive.[3]
Systematics

The genus Dysphania belongs to the tribe Dysphanieae in the subfamily Chenopodioideae within the plant family Amaranthaceae. According to phylogenetic research, it is related to genera Suckleya and Cycloloma.[2]

Dysphania was first published in 1810 by Robert Brown in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, p. 411-412.[4] Type species is Dysphania littoralis R.Br..

The genus Dysphania primarily comprised 7-10 Australian species. Sometimes they were grouped as an own family, Dysphaniaceae Pax & Hoffmann, or even regarded as members of families Illecebraceae and Caryophyllaceae. In 2002, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants extended the genus for the glandular species of Chenopodium subgenus Ambrosia A.J.Scott.

Synonyms for Dysphania R.Br. are Neobotrydium Moldenke, Roubieva Moq. and Teloxys Moq..
Illustration of Dysphania botrys
Dysphania carinata

The genus Dysphania consists of four sections with about 40 species:[5]

Dysphania sect. Adenois (Moq.) Mosyakin & Clemants: 15 species, native in South and Middle America, now distributed worldwide from the tropics to warm-temperate regions:
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Dysphania anthelmintica (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants), Epazote, Mexican-tea: native in North- and South America, naturalized in other continents.
Dysphania burkartii (Aellen) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium ambrosioides L. subsp. burkartii Aellen, Chenopodium burkartii (Aellen) Vorosch., Dysphania dunosa (L.E.Simón) Mosyakin & Clemants)
Dysphania chilensis (Schrad.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium chilense Schrad., Chenopodium ambrosioides var. chilense (Schrad.) Spegazzini; Chenopodium ambrosioides var. vagans (Standley) J.T.Howell; Dysphania andicola (Phil.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Dysphania sooana (Aellen) Mosyakin & Clemants): native in Argentina and Chile.
Dysphania multifida (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn.: Chenopodium multifidum L., Roubieva multifida (L.) Moq., Teloxys multifida (L.) W.A.Weber, Dysphania macrocarpa (Phil.) Mosyakin & Clemants), Cut-leaf goosefoot, small-leaved wormseed: native in South America, introduced from the tropics to warm-temperate regions.
Dysphania oblanceolata (Speg.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. oblanceolatum Speg., Chenopodium oblanceolatum (Speg.) Giusti)
Dysphania tomentosa (Thouars) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium tomentosum Thouars)
Dysphania venturii (Aellen) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium ambrosioides L. subsp. venturii Aellen, Chenopodium venturii (Aellen) Cabrera)
Dysphania sect. Botryoides (C.A.Mey.) Mosyakin & Clemants: with 3 subsections:
Dysphania sect. Botryoides subsect. Botrys (Aellen & Iljin) Mosyakin & Clemants: with 9 species, worldwide, native in southern North America, northern South America, southern Eurasia and Africa.
Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn.: Chenopodium botrys L.), Jerusalem-oak, feather-geranium: native from Middle Europa to China (Xinjiang), naturalized or cultivated in other temperate regions.
Dysphania nepalensis (Colla) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium nepalense Colla), in Central Asia
Dysphania procera (Hochst. ex Moq.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium procerum Hochst. ex Moq.)
Dysphania pseudomultiflora (Murr) Verloove & Lambinon (Syn.: Chenopodium foetidum Schrad. subsp. pseudomultiflorum Murr): In South Africa.
Dysphania schraderiana (Schult.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn. Chenopodium schraderianum Schult.)
Dysphania sect. Botryoides subsect. Incisa (Standley) Mosyakin & Clemants: With 1 species in southwestern North America and in South America:
Dysphania dissecta (Moq.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Ambrina dissecta Moq., Chenopodium dissectum (Moq.) Standley)
Dysphania sect. Dysphania, with 8 species in Australia:[6]
Dysphania glandulosa Paul G.Wilson, in Australia
Dysphania glomulifera Paul G.Wilson (Syn.: Dysphania myriocephala Benth., Chenopodium myriocephalum (Benth.) Aellen), in Australia
Dysphania kalpari Paul G.Wilson, in Australia
Dysphania littoralis R.Br., in Australia
Dysphania plantaginella F.Muell., in Australia
Dysphania platycarpa Paul G.Wilson, in Australia
Dysphania rhadinostachya (F.Muell.) A.J.Scott (Syn.: Chenopodium rhadinostachyum F. Muell.), in Australia
Dysphania simulans F.Muell. & Tate ex Tate, in Australia
Dysphania sphaerosperma Paul G.Wilson, in Australia
Dysphania valida Paul G.Wilson, in Australia
Dysphania sect. Orthospora (R.Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants: with 7 species in New Zealand and Australia, some species introduced in other regions:
Dysphania carinata (R.Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn.: Chenopodium carinatum R.Br.): native in Australia, naturalized in other continents.
Dysphania cristata (F.Muell.) Mosyakin & Clemants), Syn.: Blitum cristatum F.Muell., Chenopodium cristatum (F.Muell.) F.Muell.): native in Australia, naturalized in other continents.
Dysphania melanocarpa (J.M.Black) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium carinatum R.Br. var. melanocarpum J.M.Black, Chenopodium melanocarpum (J.M.Black) J.M.Black), black crumbweed
Dysphania pumilio (R.Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn.: Chenopodium pumilio R.Br., Teloxys pumilio (R.Br.) W.A.Weber), Clammy goosefoot, small crumbweed: native in Australia, naturalized in other continents.
Dysphania pusilla Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium pusillum Hook. f.)
Dysphania saxatilis (Paul G.Wilson) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium saxatile P.G.Wilson)
Dysphania truncata (Paul G.Wilson) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium truncatum P.G.Wilson)
Not yet grouped to a section:
Dysphania congolana (Hauman) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium glaucum L. var. congolanum Hauman, Chenopodium congolanum (Hauman) Brenan), in Africa
Dysphania minuata (Aellen) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium minuatum Aellen)
Dysphania stellata (Standley) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.: Chenopodium stellatum S.Watson): This species has 6-8 tepals.

Excluded species: Teloxys aristata (Syn. Dysphania aristata (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Chenopodium aristatum L.).[7]

Usage

Epazote or Mexican tea (Dysphania ambrosioides) and American wormseed (Dysphania anthelmintica) are medicinal herbs. Epazote is used as a tisane and as an insecticide.[8] Some species of Dysphania are used as dye.[8][9]

References

Steven E. Clemants & Sergei L. Mosyakin (2003): Dysphania - online. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-517389-9, p. 267. (chapters description, distribution, systematics)
Sergei L. Mosyakin, Steven E. Clemants (2008): Further Transfers of glandular-pubescent species from Chenopodium subg. Ambrosia to Dysphania (Chenopodiaceae). In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas Vol.2, Nr. 1, p. 425–431. (chapter systematics)
Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants (2003): Chenopodiaceae: Dysphania – online. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Hrsg.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. Science Press u.a., Beijing u.a., ISBN 1-930723-27-X, p. 376. (chapter description, vernacular name)
species and distribution at GRIN, retrieved 30 November 2011

Erich Oberdorfer, Theo Müller (1983): Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. 5. ed., Ulmer, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-8001-3429-2, p.342
Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Alexander P. Sukhorukov (2010): Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis. In: American Journal of Botany, 97(10), p. 1664–1687.
Pertti Uotila (2011): Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore). – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Dysphania. Euro+Med Plantbase, retrieved 30 November 2011.
First publication scanned at Biodiversity Heritage Library
http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Amaranthaceae/Dysphania/
Tropicos, retrieved 30 November 2011.
"Teloxys aristata". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
Dysphania ambrosioides at Liber Herbarum, retrieved 30 November 2011.
Dysphania schraderiana at Liber Herbarum, retrieved 30 November 2011.