Cornaceae

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Ordo: Cornales

Familia: Cornaceae
Genera: Alangium – Cornus

Paleogenera: †Langtonia – †Mastixicarpum – †Mastixioidiocarpum – †Portnallia – †Tsukada

Name

Cornaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Přir. Rostlin 2(23): 92, 91. (1825) nom. cons.

Type genus: Cornus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 118 (1753)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Alangiaceae DC., 1827.

References

Berchtold, B.V. von 1827. O Přirozenosti rostlin, aneb rostlinar 2(23): 92, 91.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1): 1–20. DOI: 10.1111/boj.12385 Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2016. Cornaceae in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2016 Jan. 10. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2016. Cornaceae. Published online. Accessed: Jan. 10 2016.
Manchester, S.R. 1994. Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. Palaeontographica Americana 58: 1–205.
Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Curtisiaceae
العربية: قرانية
asturianu: Cornacees
azərbaycanca: Zoğalkimilər
беларуская: Кізілавыя
български: Дрянови
català: Cornàcies
čeština: Dřínovité
dansk: Kornel-familien
Deutsch: Hartriegelgewächse
English: Dogwood family
Esperanto: Kornusacoj
español: Cornáceas
eesti: Kontpuulised
فارسی: زغال‌اخته‌ایان
suomi: Kanukkakasvit
français: Cornacées
hrvatski: Drjenovke
hornjoserbsce: Drěnowe rostliny
magyar: Somfélék
日本語: ミズキ科
ქართული: შინდისებრნი
қазақша: Қызыл талды тұқымдасы
한국어: 층층나무과
kurdî: Famîleya guhûşkan
lietuvių: Seduliniai
македонски: Дренови
മലയാളം: കോർണേസീ
Nederlands: Kornoeljefamilie
norsk: Kornellfamilien
polski: Dereniowate
русский: Кизиловые
slovenčina: Drieňovité
svenska: Kornellväxter
Türkçe: Kızılcıkgiller
українська: Деренові, Кизилові
Tiếng Việt: Họ Sơn thù du
中文: 山茱萸科

Cornaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants in the order Cornales. It contains approximately 85 species in two genera,[1] Alangium and Cornus. They are mostly trees and shrubs, which may be deciduous or evergreen, although a few species are perennial herbs. Members of the family usually have opposite or alternate simple leaves, four- or five-parted flowers clustered in inflorescences or pseudanthia, and drupaceous fruits.[2] The family is primarily distributed in northern temperate regions and tropical Asia.[3] In northern temperate areas, Cornaceae are well known from the dogwoods Cornus.

The systematics of Cornaceae has been remarkably unsettled and controversial, and many genera have been added to it and removed from it over time. (One researcher called it a "dustbin".[4]) Molecular phylogenetics have clarified the relatedness of some associated genera, and at least nine genera that were previously included in Cornaceae have been eliminated from the order Cornales entirely,[5] but the circumscription of Cornaceae is still unclear. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group usually defines Cornaceae as comprising the genera Cornus and Alangium as well as five genera now separated into the family Nyssaceae. However, many of these genera are sometimes split off into their own families (e.g. Alangiaceae), and the usage remains inconsistent.[5][6]
Fossil record

The oldest fossil that can be related to Cornaceae is †Hironoia fusiformis, an extinct taxon collected from the Futaba Group sediments at Kamitikaba, Japan. Synapomorphies of the fruits of the fossil occur also in extant Cornaceae. The age of the sediments is of early Coniacian to early Santonian (about 88 Ma).[7] Although the mosaic of characters in Hironoia precludes assignment to an extant genus, the fiber rather than sclereid composition of the fruit places it within the Nyssaceae-Mastixiaceae. Other possible Cornaceae from Cretaceous sediments include endocarps resembling Cornus from the Santonian-Campanian mesofossil assemblage of Åsen. In slightly younger Late Cretaceous sediments (Maastrichtian) four genera of fossil mastixioid fruits (Beckettia, Eomastixia, Mastixicarpum and Mastixiopsis) have been described from Germany.[8]
References
Cornus sanguinea

Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
Kubitzki, K. (2004). Cornaceae. In The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Volume 6: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales (Kubitzki, ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York.
Heywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A.; Seberg; O. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 112. ISBN 9781842461655.
Eyde, R. H. (1988). Comprehending Cornus - puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Botanical Review 54, 233-351.
Fan, C. Z., and Xiang, Q. Y. (2003). Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 90, 1357-1372.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
The Timetree of Life edited by S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, OUP Oxford, 23. apr. 2009 - 576 pages, ISBN 0191560154, 9780191560156.
Hironoia fusiformis gen. et sp. nov.; a cornalean fruit from the Kamikitaba locality (Upper Cretaceous, Lower Coniacian) in northeastern Japan by Masamichi Takahashi,Peter R. Crane and Steven R Manchester, Article · January 2003, DOI: 10.1007/s10265-002-0062-6 · Source: PubMed.