Cercis siliquastrum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fabales

Familia: Fabaceae
Subfamilia: Cercidoideae
Genus: Cercis
Species: Cercis siliquastrum
Subspecies: C. s. subsp. hebecarpa – C. s. subsp. siliquastrum
Name

Cercis siliquastrum L.
Synonyms

Homotypic
Cercis florida Salisb., Prodr. (Salisbury) 327. 1796, nom. illeg.
Cercis siliquosa St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon, 7: 122. 1880, nom. illeg.
Siliquastrum arbor-judae Medik., Vorles. Churpfälz. Phys.-Öcon. Ges. 2: 339. 1787.
Siliquastrum orbiculatum Moench, Meth. : 54. 1794, nom. illeg.

References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Tomus I. Pp. [I–XII], 1–560. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. BHL Reference page. : 374.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Cercis siliquastrum in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Sep 06. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Cercis siliquastrum. Published online. Accessed: Sep 06 2020.
Tropicos.org 2020. Cercis siliquastrum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 06 Sep 2020.
Catalogue of Life: 2021 Annual Checklist
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Cercis siliquastrum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Gewöhnlicher Judasbaum
español: Árbol del amor
eesti: Harilik juudapuu
suomi: Juudaksenpuu, palestiinanjuudaksenpuu
français: Arbre de Judée
magyar: Közönséges júdásfa
italiano: Albero di Giuda
日本語: セイヨウハナズオウ
Türkçe: Erguvan

Cercis siliquastrum, commonly known as the Judas tree or Judas-tree,[1] is a small deciduous tree from Southern Europe and Western Asia which is noted for its prolific display of deep pink flowers in spring.

Description
Flowers sprouting from old growth
A scanograph of Cercis siliquastrum, or Judas tree, blooming branch with flower cross sections.
Trunk and bark

This species forms a small tree up to 12 m (39 ft) in height and 10 m (32 ft) in width.[2]

The deep pink flowers are produced on year-old or older growth, including the trunk, in spring. Also, the flowers display a blossom with five free petals and fused sepals. This flower shape is typical of the pea family (Fabaceae). The leaves appear shortly after the first flowers emerge. These are cordate with a blunt apex, which occasionally has a shallow notch at the tip. The tree produces long flat pods that hang vertically. The flowers are edible and reportedly have a sweet-acid taste.[2]
Taxonomy
A botanical illustration from 1891

The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1753 and he gave it the specific epithet of siliquastrum which is derived from the Latin word siliqua, meaning "pod".[3] The generic name comes from the Greek kerkis, a "shuttle", which refers to the resemblance shown to this weaver's tool by the flat, woody seedpods.[4]

There are several varieties and subspecies including:-

var. hebecarpa Bornm.
nothosubsp. yaltikirii (Ponert) Govaerts
var. siliquastrum
var. alba Weston

Distribution and ecological aspects
Flowers and pods
Cercis siliquastrum - MHNT
The cultivar 'Alba'
Psyllids (Cacopsylla pulchella) on a leaf
The pods are first green and then turn brown-red.

The flowers are pollinated by bees, attracted by nectar. Pollen from the protruding stamens is deposited on the bee's body and carried to another flower's stigma.[5]

In Israel the tree has a status of a protected plant.

British journalist Francis McCullagh reported seeing "innumerable" flowering specimens of this tree in Yildiz Park in Istanbul in April 1909.[6]
Cultivation

The species prefers deep, well-drained soils and a position in full sun or partial shade.[2]

Cultivars include:

'Afghan Deep Purple'[7]
'Alba' - white flowers[7]
'Bodnant'[7]
'Carnea'[7]
'Fructa Rubra'[7]
'Penduliflora'[7]
'Rubra' - dark pink-purple flowers
'Sterilis'[7]
'Variegata'[7]
'White Swan'[7]

The cultivar 'Bodnant' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[8] (confirmed 2017).[9]

The tree is susceptible to leafhoppers, scale insects and psyllids (specifically Cacopsylla pulchella) as well as diseases including canker, coral spot and verticillium wilt.

Propagation is by seed, cuttings or budding.

The species produces hard wood with an attractive grain. It is used in veneers and polishes well.[2]
Culture

There is a myth that Judas Iscariot hanged himself from a tree of this species, causing its white flowers to turn red.[10] This belief is related to the common name "Judas tree", which is possibly a corrupted derivation from the French common name, Arbre de Judée, meaning tree of Judea, referring to the hilly regions of that country where the tree used to be common.[11] Another possible source for the vernacular name is the fact that the flowers and seedpods can dangle direct from the trunk in a way reminiscent of Judas's possible method of suicide.[4]

A sermon illustration on the deadly effects of succumbing to temptation refers to a false idea that the Judas tree killed bees drawn to it: "Dr. Cuyler forcibly illustrates this by reference to the Judas tree. The blossoms appear before the leaves, and they are of a brilliant crimson. The flaming beauty of the flowers attracts innumerable insects; and the wandering bee is drawn after it to gather honey. But every bee which alights upon the blossom, imbibes a fatal opiate, and drops dead from among the crimson flowers to the earth."[12]
Traditional medicine

The Judas tree is referred to as a traditional Palestinian medicinal plant.[13]
References

BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
"Cercis siliquastrum- L." Plants For A Future. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Rowell, Raymond J. (1980). Ornamental Flowering Trees in Australia. Australia: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd Reed. ISBN 0-589-50178-X.
Rumsey, Fred. "Cercis siliquastrum (Judas tree)". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
Hickey, Michael; Clive King. 100 families of flowering plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
McCullagh, Francis (1910). The Fall of Abd-ul-Hamid. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. pp. 239–240.
Hatch, Laurence (2007). Cultivars of Woody Plants Volume I (A-G). Raleigh, North Carolina: TCR Press. ISBN 9780971446502. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
"RHS Plantfinder - Cercis siliquastrum 'Bodnant'". Retrieved 12 January 2018.
"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 519. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
Mabberley, D.J. (2008). Mabberleys's plant-book (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4.
William Adamson, "Illustrations to Chapter 3," in Genesis, The Preacher’s Complete Homiletic Commentary (New York; London; Toronto: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1892), 72.

European Journal of Integrative Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2019.03.005

Further reading
International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS): Cercis siliquastrum
The Royal Horticultural Society : Circus siliquastrum
Wildflowers of Israel : Judas tree