Canarium

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Sapindales

Familia: Burseraceae
Tribus: Garugeae
Genus: Canarium
Species: C. acutifolium – C. album – C. ampasindavae – C. apertum – C. arcuatum – C. asperum – C. australasicum – C. australianum – C. balansae – C. balsamiferum – C. batjanense – C. bengalense – C. betamponae – C. boivinii – C. bullatum – C. caudatum – C. cestracion – C. chinare – C. cinereum – C. compressum – C. copaliferum – C. decumanum – C. denticulatum – C. dichotomum – C. divergens – C. egregium – C. elegans – C. engleri – C. euphyllum – C. euryphyllum – C. ferrugineum – C. findens – C. fugax – C. fuscocalycinum – C. galokense – C. globosum – C. gracile – C. grandifolium – C. harveyi – C. hirsutum – C. indicum – C. indistinctum – C. intermedium – C. kaniense – C. karoense – C. kerrii – C. kinabaluense – C. kipella – C. kostermansii – C. lamianum – C. lamii – C. latistipulatum – C. liebertianum – C. liguliferum – C. littorale – C. lobocarpum – C. longistipulatum – C. luzonicum – C. lyi – C. macadamii – C. madagascariense – C. manii – C. maluense – C. manongarivum – C. megacarpum – C. megalanthum – C. merrillii – C. moramangae – C. muelleri – C. multiflorum – C. multinervis – C. nitidifolium – C. obovatum – C. obtusifolium – C. odontophyllum – C. oleiferum – C. oleosum – C. ovatum – C. palawense – C. pallidum – C. paniculatum – C. parvum – C. patentinervium – C. perlisanum – C. pilicarpum – C. pilososylvestre – C. pilosum – C. pimela – C. pimeloides – C. planifolium – C. polyphyllum – C. pseudodecumanum – C. pseudopatentinervium – C. pseudopimela – C. pseudosumatranum – C. pulchrebracteatum – C. reniforme – C. resiniferum – C. rigidum – C. rotundifolium – C. salomonense – C. sarawakanum – C. schlechteri – C. scholasticum – C. schweinfurthii – C. sikkimense – C. strictum – C. subsidarium – C. subtile – C. subulatum – C. sumatranum – C. sylvestre – C. thorelianum – C. tonkinense – C. tramdenum – C. trifoliolatum – C. trigonum – C. vanikoroense – C. velutinifolium – C. venosum – C. vitiense – C. vittatistipulatum – C. vrieseanum – C. vulgare – C. whitei – C. zeylanicum
Name

Canarium L., 1759

Type species: Canarium indicum L.

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Canariellum Engl.
Canariopsis Miq.
Colophonia Comm. ex Kunth
Lipara Lour. ex Gomes Mach.
Mehenbethene Besler ex Gaertn.
Nanari Adans.
Pimela Lour.
Rumphia L.
Sonzaya Marchand
Strania Noronha

Note: Rumphia was placed as genus incertae sedis by APG IV (2016), but note the later analysis by Mabberley (2016)
References

Linnaeus, C., 1759. Amoenitates Academici . . . 4: 121.

Additional references

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1): 1–20. DOI: 10.1111/boj.12385 Reference page.
Mabberley, D.J.,2016. On the identity of Rumphia L., the last remaining puzzle in Van Rheede’s Hortus ma labaricus (1678-1693). Journal of Japanese Botany 91:.326-329. PDF.

Links

Hassler, M. 2019. Canarium. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 12. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Canarium in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 12. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Canarium. Published online. Accessed: Jul. 12 2019.
Tropicos.org 2019. Canarium. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 12 Jul 2019.

Vernacular names
English: Canarium Nuts

Canarium is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; including from southern Nigeria east to Madagascar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and India; from Burma, Malaysia and Thailand through the Malay Peninsula and Vietnam to south China, Taiwan and the Philippines; through Borneo, Indonesia, Timor and New Guinea, through to the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Palau.[2]

Canarium species grow up to large evergreen trees of 40–50 m (130–160 ft) tall, and have alternately arranged, pinnate leaves.[2] They are dioecious, with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.[3]

Common names

The trees and their edible nuts have a large number of common names in their range. These include Pacific almond, canarium nut, pili nut, Java almond, Kenari nut, galip nut, nangai, and ngali.[4]
Species

This species listing was sourced from The Plant List data aggregation website that takes in some inaccurate data. The brief species distribution information was sourced from Flora Malesiana,[2] the Flora of China (series) and the Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants information system.
Canarium resiniferum seeds dispersed by hornbills in Pakke Tiger Reserve

Canarium acutifolium (DC.) Merr. – New Guinea, Moluccas, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld Australia
Canarium album (Lour.) DC. Chinese white olive (橄榄) – Taiwan, S China, Vietnam
Canarium apertum H.J.Lam – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
Canarium asperum Benth. – New Guinea, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is.,
Canarium australasicum (F.M.Bailey) Leenh. – Qld, NSW, Australia endemic
Canarium australianum F.Muell. – New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, Australia
Canarium balansae Engl. – New Caledonia endemic
Canarium balsamiferum Willd. – Moluccas, Sulawesi
Canarium batjanense Leenh. –
Canarium bengalense Roxb. – India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S China
Canarium caudatum King – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
Canarium cestracion Leenh. – E New Guinea
Canarium chinare Grutt. & H.J.Lam – Solomon Is., Admiralty Is.
Canarium cinereum Guillaumin –
Canarium copaliferum A.Chev. –
Canarium decumanum Gaertn. – E Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Sulawesi
Canarium denticulatum Blume – Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, Philippines
Canarium dichotomum (Blume) Miq. – Sumatra, Borneo
Canarium divergens Engl. – Borneo
Canarium elegans Daly, Raharim. & Federman — Madagascar
Canarium engleri H.J.Lam –
Canarium euphyllum Kurz –
Canarium euryphyllum G.Perkins – Philippines
Canarium fuscocalycinum Stapf ex Ridl. – Borneo
Canarium gracile Engl. – Philippines
Canarium grandifolium (Ridl.) H.J.Lam – Malay Peninsula
Canarium harami Bojer –
Canarium harveyi Seem. –
Canarium hirsutum Willd. – New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., Palau
Canarium indicum L. – New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Moluccas, Sulawesi
Canarium intermedium H.J.Lam – S Sumatra
Canarium kaniense Lauterb. – New Guinea
Canarium karoense H.J.Lam – N Sumatra
Canarium kerrii Craib –
Canarium kinabaluense Leenh. – N Borneo
Canarium kipella (Blume) Miq. – W Java
Canarium kostermansii Leenh. – Borneo
Canarium lamii Leenh. – New Guinea
Canarium latistipulatum Ridl. – Borneo
Canarium liguliferum Leenh. –
Canarium littorale Blume – Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo
Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A.Gray – Philippines
Canarium lyi C.D.Dai & Yakovlev –
Canarium macadamii Leenh. – New Guinea
Canarium madagascariense Engl. –
Canarium maluense Lauterb. – Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Borneo
Canarium megacarpum Leenh. – New Guinea
Canarium megalanthum Merr. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
Canarium merrillii H.J.Lam – Borneo
Canarium muelleri F.M.Bailey – Queensland endemic, Australia
Canarium odontophyllum Miq. – Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan)
Canarium oleiferum Baill. – New Caledonia endemic
Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl. – New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Moluccas, Sulawesi
Canarium ovatum Engl. – Philippines, cultivated Asia–Pacific
Canarium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. ex Engl. –
Canarium parvum Leenh. – S China, Vietnam
Canarium patentinervium Miq. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, Borneo
Canarium perlisanum Leenh. – Malay Peninsula (Perlis)
Canarium pilososylvestre Leenh. – W New Guinea
Canarium pilosum A.W.Benn. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
subsp. borneensis Leenh. – Borneo
Canarium pimela K.D.Koenig Chinese black olive (乌榄) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
Canarium polyphyllum K.Schum. – New Guinea
Canarium pseudodecumanum Hochr. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
Canarium pseudopatentinervium H.J.Lam – S Sumatra, Banka, Borneo
Canarium pseudopimela Kochummen –
Canarium pseudosumatranum Leenh. – Malay Peninsula
Canarium reniforme Kochummen & Whitmore –
Canarium resiniferum Bruce ex King –
Canarium rigidum (Blume) Zipp. ex Miq. – New Guinea
Canarium rotundifolium Guillaumin –
Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen –
Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. – African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to Uganda
Canarium sikkimense King –
Canarium solomonense B.L.Burtt – New Guinea
Canarium strictum Roxb. – India, Burma, S China
Canarium subulatum Guillaumin – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
Canarium sumatranum Boerl. & Koord. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula
Canarium sylvestre Gaertn. – New Guinea, Moluccas
Canarium thorelianum Guillaumin –
Canarium trifoliolatum Engl. – New Caledonia endemic
Canarium trigonum H.J.Lam – Sulawesi
Canarium vanikoroense Leenh. –
Canarium venosum Craib –
Canarium vitiense A.Gray – Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld Australia
Canarium vittatistipulatum Guillaumin –
Canarium vrieseanum Engl. – Philippines, Sulawesi
Canarium vulgare Leenh. – Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas
Canarium whitei Guillaumin – New Caledonia endemic
Canarium zeylanicum (Retz.) Blume –

Uses and ecology

Several species have edible nuts, known as galip nut or nangae (C. indicum), pili nut (C. ovatum), or simply canarium nut (C. harveyi and C. indicum). C. indicum are among the most important nut-bearing trees in eastern Indonesia and the Southwest Pacific. C. ovatum is cultivated as a food crop only in the Philippines.[5]
Dammar resin

C. odontophyllum, known commonly as dabai or kembayau, is a species with a nutritious fruit with a creamy taste. It is hard when raw and may be pickled or softened with hot water when prepared. Many animals feed on the fruit in the wild, such as the red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) and the ruffed lemurs (Varecia) of Madagascar's eastern tropical forests. Canarium fruit is also an important part of the diet of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascarensis).[6]

Canarium album produces a fruit consumed in Vietnam, Thailand (where it is known as nam liap (Thai: หนำเลี้ยบ), samo chin (Thai: สมอจีน) or kana (Thai: กาน้า)) and in China (Chinese: 橄欖) with an appearance of a big olive.

Canarium luzonicum, commonly known as elemi, is a tree native to the Philippines. An oleoresin, which contains Elemicin, is harvested from it.

Canarium strictum produces a resin called black dammar.

Superb fruit-doves (Ptilinopus superbus) are known to be fond of the fruit of scrub turpentine (C. australianum), which they swallow whole.[7][8]
References

International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 13 Nov 2013 https://www.ipni.org/n/5127-1. Retrieved 13 Nov 2013. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Leenhouts, P. W.; Kalkman, C.; Lam, H. J. (March 1956). "Canarium (Burseraceae)" (Digitised, online). Flora Malesiana. Series I, Spermatophyta : Flowering Plants. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University. pp. 249–296. Retrieved 13 Nov 2013.
Federman, Sarah; Donoghue, Michael J.; Daly, Douglas C.; Eaton, Deren A. R. (2018). "Reconciling species diversity in a tropical plant clade (Canarium, Burseraceae)". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198882. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398882F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198882. PMC 6003679. PMID 29906281.
"Canarian indicum" http://agroforestry.net/tti/Canarium-canariumnut.pdf, accessed 12 Dec 2013; Sheppard, Peter J. "Lapita Colonization across the Near/Remote Oceania Boundary" Current Anthropology Vol. 52, No. 6 (Dec 2011), p. 802
Pili Nut, Canarium ovatum, New Crop Fact Sheet. Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products.
Timothy M. Sefczek; Zach J. Farris; Patricia C. Wright (2012). "Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) Feeding Strategies at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar: An Indirect Sampling Method". Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology. - 83 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1159/000338103. PMID 22627178. S2CID 207622496.
Crome, F. H. J. (1975). "The ecology of fruit pigeons in tropical northern Queensland". Wildlife Research. 2 (2): 155–185. doi:10.1071/wr9750155.
Frith, H. J.; Crome, F. H. J.; Wolfe, T. O. (1976). "Food of fruit-pigeons in New Guinea". Emu. 76 (2): 49–58. doi:10.1071/mu9760049. Retrieved 16 Nov 2013.