Beilschmiedia

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Magnoliids
Ordo: Laurales

Familia: Lauraceae
Tribus: Cryptocaryeae
Genus: Beilschmiedia
Species: B. aborensis – B. acuta – B. acutifolia – B. alata – B. alloiophylla – B. ambigua – B. anacardioides – B. anay – B. andamanensis – B. angustielliptica – B. angustifolia – B. appendiculata – B. argentata – B. assamica – B. atrata – B. auriculata – B. balansae – B. bancroftii – B. bangkae – B. baotingensis – B. barensis – B. batangensis – B. berteroana – B. bhutanica – B. brachystachys – B. brachythyrsa – B. bracteata – B. brandisii – B. brassii – B. brevifolia – B. brevipaniculata – B. brunnea – B. calcitranthera – B. caloneura – B. castrisinensis – B. caudata – B. chevalieri – B. cinnamomea – B. clarkei – B. collina – B. conferta – B. congestiflora – B. congolana – B. corbisieri – B. costaricensis – B. crassa – B. crassifolia – B. crassipes – B. cryptocaryoides – B. curviramea – B. cuspidata – B. cylindrica – B. dalzellii – B. dawei – B. descoingsii – B. dictyoneura – B. dielsiana – B. dilmyana – B. dinklagei – B. discolor – B. diversiflora – B. djalonensis – B. donisii – B. elata – B. elegantissima – B. elliptica – B. emarginata – B. erythrophloia – B. euryneura – B. fasciata – B. ferruginea – B. filicifolia – B. fluminensis – B. foliosa – B. fordii – B. fruticosa – B. fulva – B. furfuracea – B. gaboonensis – B. gallatlyi – B. gemmiflora – B. gigantocarpa – B. gilbertii – B. giorgii – B. gitingensis – B. glabra – B. glandulosa – B. glauca – B. glauciphylla – B. glaucoides – B. globularia – B. glomerata – B. grandibracteata – B. grandifolia – B. grandiosa – B. gynotrochioides – B. hartonoana – B. henghsienensis – B. hermanii – B. hexanthera – B. hondurensis – B. hutchinsoniana – B. immersinervis – B. inconspicua – B. insignis – B. insularum – B. intermedia – B. jabassensis – B. jacobii – B. jacques-felixii – B. javanica – B. kinabaluensis – B. klainei – B. kostermansiana – B. kunstleri – B. kwangsiensis – B. kweichowensis – B. kweo – B. laevis – B. lanatella – B. lancifolia – B. lancilimba – B. lanuginosa – B. latifolia – B. le-testui – B. lebrunii – B. ledermannii – B. letouzeyi – B. linharensis – B. linocieroides – B. longepetiolata – B. longifolia – B. louisii – B. lucidula – B. lumutensis – B. macrocarpa – B. macrophylla – B. macropoda – B. madagascariensis – B. madang – B. maingayi – B. manantlanensis – B. mannii – B. mannioides – B. marginata – B. mayumbensis – B. membranacea – B. membranifolia – B. mexicana – B. michelsonii – B. micrantha – B. microcarpa – B. microphylla – B. miersii – B. minutiflora – B. montanoides – B. moratii – B. morobensis – B. muricata – B. murutensis – B. myrciifolia – B. myrmecophila – B. natalensis – B. ndongensis – B. neocaledonica – B. neoletestui – B. ningmingensis – B. nitida – B. novae-britanniae – B. novo-guineensis – B. obconica – B. oblonga – B. oblongifolia – B. obovalifoliosa – B. obovatifoliosa – B. obscura – B. obscurinervia – B. obtusifolia – B. oligandra – B. oligantha – B. olivacea – B. opposita – B. oreophila – B. osacola – B. ovalioides – B. ovalis – B. ovoidea – B. palembanica – B. papyracea – B. parvifolia – B. pauciflora – B. paulocordata – B. pedicellata – B. pellegrinii – B. penangiana – B. pendula – B. peninsularis – B. perakensis – B. percoriacea – B. pergamentacea – B. phoebeopsis – B. pierreana – B. pilosa – B. podagrica – B. poilanei – B. preussii – B. preussioides – B. pubescens – B. pullenii – B. punctilimba – B. purpurascens – B. purpurea – B. recurva – B. reticulata – B. rigida – B. riparia – B. rivularis – B. robertsonii – B. robusta – B. robynsiana – B. rosseliana – B. roxburghiana – B. rufohirtella – B. rufolanata – B. rufoperulata – B. rugosa – B. rwandensis – B. sary – B. schmitzii – B. scintillans – B. sericans – B. sericea – B. sessilifolia – B. shangsiensis – B. sichourensis – B. sikkimensis – B. stapfiana – B. staudtii – B. steyermarkii – B. stricta – B. sulcata – B. superba – B. supraglandulosa – B. talbotiae – B. tarairi – B. taubertiana – B. tawa – B. tawaensis – B. tawaroa – B. telupidensis – B. thollonii – B. thomaea – B. tilaranensis – B. tirunelvelica – B. tonkinensis – B. tooram – B. tovarensis – B. triplinervis – B. troupinii – B. tsangii – B. tungfangensis – B. turbinata – B. ugandensis – B. variabilis – B. velutina – B. velutionsa – B. vermoesenii – B. versicolor – B. vestita – B. vidalii – B. villosa – B. volckii – B. wallichiana – B. wangii – B. wieringae – B. wightii – B. wilczekii – B. xizangensis – B. yaanica – B. yangambiensis – B. yunnanensis – B. zahnii – B. zapoteoides – B. zenkeri – B. zeylanica
Name

Beilschmiedia Nees Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 61. (1831)

Type species: Beilschmiedia roxburghiana Nees Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 69. (1831)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Hufelandia Nees Hufeland. Ill. , 21. (1833)
Bellota Gay Fl. Chil. 5: 297–298. (1849) non Bellota Peckham & Peckham, (1892)
Nesodaphne Hook.f. Fl. Nov.-Zel. 1: 217. (1853)
Bernieria Baill. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1(55): 434. (1884) non Bernieria Pucheran, (1855)
Wimmeria Nees ex Meisn. (1864) non Wimmeria Schltdl. & Cham. (1831) (Celastraceae R. Br.)
Tylostemon Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 389. (1898)
Thouvenotia Danguy Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 26: 652. (1920)
Purkayasthaea C.S.Purkay. Indian Forester 64: 278. (1938)
Lauromerrillia C.K.Allen J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 460 (1942)

References

Ness von Esenbeck, C.D.G. 1831. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 61.
Assis, L.C. & Santos, M.F. 2012. Beilschmiedia vestita (Lauraceae), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Brittonia 64(2): 103–107. DOI: 10.1007/s12228-011-9207-z
de Kok, R.P.J. 2016. A revision of Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) of peninsular Malaysia. Blumea 61: 147–164. Full text PDF
International Plant Names Index. 2016. Beilschmiedia. Published online. Accessed: Oct. 6 2016.
Liu, B., Yang, Y., Xie, L., Zeng, G. and Ma, K. 2013. Beilschmiedia turbinata: A newly recognized but dying species of Lauraceae from tropical Asia based on morphological and molecular data. PloS one 8(6), p.e67636.
Nishida, S. 1999. Revision of Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) in the neotropics. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86(3): 657–701. DOI: 10.2307/2666150
Nishida, S. 2008. Taxonomic revision of Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea-Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants 53(2): 345–383. Full text PDF
Govaerts, R. et al. 2016. Beilschmiedia in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2016 Oct. 6. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2016. Beilschmiedia. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2016 Oct. 6.

Beilschmiedia is a genus of trees and shrubs in family Lauraceae. Most of its species grow in tropical climates, but a few of them are native to temperate regions, and they are widespread in tropical Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.[1] The best-known species to gardeners in temperate areas are B. berteroana and B. miersii because of their frost tolerance. Seeds of B. bancroftii were used as a source of food by Australian Aborigines.[2] Timbers of some species are very valuable.

Overview
Beilschmiedia miersii
Taraire leaves and drupe

Beilschmiedia is a genus of about 240-250 species,[3] that are trees or shrubs; it has about 80 species in tropical Africa and Madagascar.[4] They are commonly canopy trees, growing at altitudes from near sea level to 2200 m. The trees grow in well-developed rainforests, and in warm or temperate forests on poorer sedimentary soils.[5][6][7] Most species grow in tropical climates, but a few of them are native to temperate regions. They are widespread in tropical Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.[7] The timbers of some species is very valuable.
Ecology

Beilschmiedia falls within the Lauraceae, a family of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs. Many botanical species are similar in foliage to the Lauraceae due to convergent evolution. Those plants are adapted to high rainfall and humidity. The patterns of speciation in the Lauraceae indicate, since the onset of aridification on the continents 15 million years ago (Mya), rainforest species diversified.[8] One of the products of aridification is the isolation of populations and this likely caused the increase in the rate of speciation as found in the Lauraceae. This genus has species adapted to the laurel forest habitat, so common in the Lauraceae and species adapted to a more Mediterranean-type climate with a dry season with lower rainfall. The morphology of sclerophyllous species is divergent from other humid tropical climate species of the genus. The greatest diversity of species and a greater presence of the genus is given in cloud forest and tropical rainforest in Asia and Southeast Asia.[1][3] In Madagascar, the genus Beilschmiedia is particularly important in the island flora, and their species were isolated when the island was separated from the African continent.

The genus Beilschmiedia is present in a greater climatic distribution area than other genera of Lauraceae, Beilschmiedia species grow well in moist, well-drained ground, and tolerate a variety of soil types, and attain a maximum in tropical and wetter areas of distribution, but their pattern of speciation results in some cases from the product of aridification of the habitat. Some Beilschmiedia species are adapted to drier conditions than the typical Lauraceae.[3] Some endangered relict species are living in temperate areas[5] and are distributed in Mediterranean climate, and tropical and subtropical lowland forests and montane rainforest.[8]

Shade-loving B. mannii grows in riverine and swamp forest, or in evergreen primary and secondary forest. B. gaboonensis, B. lebrunii, and B. nitida are included in subgenus Hufelandia of Beilschmiedia. B. variabilis and B. zenkeri are included in section Acrothecon.[4]

Beilschmiedia gaboonensis is a medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with a bole diameter up to 60 cm. It is distributed from Nigeria to DR Congo and occurs in wet and marshy locations in lowland rainforest. B. lebrunii is a rare tree up to 15 m tall with a bole diameter up to 30 cm, occurring in DR Congo in forest at 1450–1700 m altitude. B. nitida is a shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall, distributed in Cameroon and Congo.

Beilschmiedia variabilis is a shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall with a bole diameter up to 25 cm, occurring rather commonly in Congo in the understorey of forest in swampy, periodically inundated or drier locations. B. zenkeri is a shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall, occurring in Cameroon and Congo in swampy and periodically inundated forest.

The genus Beilschmiedia responded to favourable climatic periods and expanded across the available habitat, adapting also to more extreme conditions, but depending on favorable soil edaphic conditions. Beilschmiedia species need an annual oscillation of the temperature moderated by the proximity of the ocean and many species resist bad cold and frost.

A related vegetal community evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana, and species of this community are now found on several separate areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including South America, Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and New Caledonia. These lauroid-leaved plant communities are twofold to tropical climate and temperate climate, having the more temperate climate their origin in the named Antarctic flora.[7]

The genus Beilschmiedia is present in Mexico, Venezuela, southern Chile, and Argentina from the Pacific Ocean to the Andes between 38° and 45° latitude, where rainfall is abundant, from 1500 to 2500 mm according to locality, distributed throughout the year, but with some subhumid Mediterranean climate influence for three to fourr months in summer. The temperatures are unchanging enough and mild, with no month falling below 5 °C, and the warmest month below 22 °C.[8] Also, they are present in the eastern end of Malesia, including New Guinea, that also has many additional elements of the Antarctic flora, including southern beech (Nothofagus) and eucalypts.

The highlands of New Guinea and New Britain were linked to Australia around 40 Mya, the Indo-Australian tectonic plate began to split apart from the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. The laurifolia appears in Cape York Peninsula, mountains of the coastal strip of New South Wales in Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. This laurel forests are home to species related to those in the Valdivian laurel forests, including southern beech (Nothofagus) through the connection of the Antarctic flora.

Description
Beilschmiedia tarairi

Frequently, their bark is pale to dark brown, smooth or coarse, and they have fine, reddish-brown hairs densely covering the branchlets, and the young leaves are reddish. The dark green leaves are alternate and leathery. Sometimes broad, others small and narrow, the leaves have distinctive depressed veins. The flowers are greenish to cream to yellow-green, and pedicellate of 4–6 mm. The flowers often are clothed in dense reddish-brown hairs. The flowers are hermaphroditic and arranged in inflorescences. The inflorescence is an erect panicle arising from the leaf axil.[1] The stamens are in two whorls; the ovary is in a superior position.[9]

The fruit is variable from one species to other' in some species it is a drupe, large and globose green, 12 cm in diameter with a tip at the apex. In other species, the fruit is an erect, plum-like, dark purple or sometimes elliptical to ovoid drupe, dark purple when ripe, and covered in a waxy bloom. In others, the fruit is a black, round drupe with a glaucous bloom, with a single seed inside. In the genus Beilschmiedia, the dispersal of seeds is by birds that swallow them, so they are shaped to attract the birds. The one-seeded fruits are an important food source for birds, including being a favorite food of the native pigeons in New Zealand.
Species

The type species is Beilschmiedia roxburghiana: with native range from the Himalayas to S. China, Indo-China to Peninsula Malaysia. Three Beilschmiedia species are endemic to New Zealand. Beilschmiedia tarairi (taraire) is a common canopy tree in the lowland forests of the North Island. The others are the common canopy tree tawa, (B. tawa), which has thin, willow-like leaves, and the tawaroa (B. tawaroa), which is similar to tawa, but has broader leaves. The New Zealand pigeon is the only species which can disperse the large seeds of the taraire, which pass through its gut unharmed.

The Chilean Beilschmiedia miersii and Beilschmiedia berteroana are sclerophyllous endangered trees endemics to central Chile.

The northern belloto (B. miersii) grows in coastal forest, while the southern belloto (B. berteroana) grows in submountain Andean zone of the temperate deciduous forest region of central Chile. Both forest associations are currently represented in the System of Wild Protected Areas by the government of Chile, they are endangered.

It contains at least these species:

Beilschmiedia albiramea
Beilschmiedia alloiophylla (Rusby) Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia ambigua Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia anay (S.F. Blake) Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia appendiculata S. Lee et Y. T. Wei
B. assamica (Syn.: B. praecox)
Beilschmiedia bancroftii, (yellow walnut, wanga)
Beilschmiedia baotingensis S. Lee et Y. T. Wei
Beilschmiedia berteroana (Gay) Kosterm., (southern belloto)
Beilschmiedia borneensis Merr
Beilschmiedia brachythyrsa H.W. Li
Beilschmiedia bracteata Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia brenesii C.K. Allen
Beilschmiedia brevipaniculata Allen
Beilschmiedia brevipes Ridley
Beilschmiedia bullata
Beilschmiedia castrisinensis
Beilschmiedia costaricensis Mez & Pittier
Beilschmiedia curviramea (Meisn.) Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia cylindrica
Beilschmiedia delicata S．Lee ＆ Y．T．Wei
Beilschmiedia dictyoneura
Beilschmiedia elliptica
Beilschmiedia emarginata
Beilschmiedia erythrophloia, (Hayata)
Beilschmiedia fasciata H. W. Li
Beilschmiedia fordii Dunn
Beilschmiedia fluminensis Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia furfuracea Chun et H. T. Chang
Beilschmiedia gaboonensis
Beilschmiedia gammieana
Beilschmiedia gemmiflora Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia giorgii Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia glauca
Beilschmiedia hondurensis Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia immersinervis Sa. Nishida
Beilschmiedia insignis Gamble
Beilschmiedia intermedia
Beilschmiedia javanica Miq
Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble
Beilschmiedia kweo (Mildbr.) Robyns & Wilczek
Beilschmiedia laevis
Beilschmiedia laotica Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia letouzeyi
Beilschmiedia linocieroides
Beilschmiedia longipetiolata
Beilschmiedia lucidula (Miq.) Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia lumutensis Gamble
Beilschmiedia macropoda
Beilschmiedia malaccensis
Beilschmiedia madagascariensis
Beilschmiedia madang Blume, (Indonesia)
Beilschmiedia maingayi
Beilschmiedia mayumbensis Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia membranacea Gamble
Beilschmiedia mexicana
Beilschmiedia micrantha Merr.
Beilschmiedia micranthopsis Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia miersii (Gay) Kosterm., (Northern belloto)
Beilschmiedia muricata H. T. Chang
Beilschmiedia obconica
Beilschmiedia obscurinervia H. T. Chang
Beilschmiedia obtusifolia (Meisn.) F.Muell., blush-walnut, hard bolly-gum
Beilschmiedia oligandra
Beilschmiedia ovalis (S.F. Blake) C.K. Allen
Beilschmiedia pahangensis Gamble
Beilschmiedia pauciflora
Beilschmiedia penangiana Gamble
Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hemsl.
Beilschmiedia peninsularis
Beilschmiedia percoriacea Allen
Beilschmiedia pergamentacea Allen
Beilschmiedia preussii Engler
Beilschmiedia punctilimba H.W. Li
Beilschmiedia rigida (Mez) Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia robertsonii Gamble
Beilschmiedia robusta C.K.Allen
Beilschmiedia roxburghiana Nees, 1831 (type species)
Beilschmiedia rufohirtella H.W. Li
Beilschmiedia sichourensis
Beilschmiedia sikkimensis
Beilschmiedia sulcata (Ruiz & Pav.) Kosterm.
Beilschmiedia tarairi A.Cunn., (taraire)
Beilschmiedia tawa (A.Cunn.) Kirk, tawa
Beilschmiedia tawaroa, tawaroa
Beilschmiedia tilaranensis Sa. Nishida
Beilschmiedia tooram
Beilschmiedia tovarensis (Meisn.) Sa. Nishida
Beilschmiedia tsangii Merr.
Beilschmiedia tungfangensis
Beilschmiedia ugandensis Rendle
Beilschmiedia undulata
Beilschmiedia velutina
Beilschmiedia vermoesenii Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia wangii Allen
Beilschmiedia wightii
Beilschmiedia yaanica
Beilschmiedia yunnanensis Hu
Beilschmiedia zapoteoides
Beilschmiedia zeylanica Trimen

References

Henk van der Werff (2003). "A synopsis of the genus Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) in Madagascar" (PDF). Adansonia. sér. 3. 25 (1): 77–92.
"Australian aborigines from Rainforests". Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website".
http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Beilschmiedia%20mannii_En.htm
Carlos Ramirez; Cristina San Martin; Jose San Martin; Rodrigo Villaseñor (2004). "Comparación fitosociológica de los bosques de Belloto (Beilschmiedia, Lauraceae) en Chile central" [Phytosociological comparisons of Belloto (Beilschmiedia, Lauraceae) forests in central Chile]. Bosque (in Spanish). 25 (1): 69–85.
http://www.florachilena.cl/
"Description and images of Beilschmiedia berteroana (), a native Chilean plant, provided by the supplier of native exotic Chilean seeds, Chileflora.com". chileflora.com.
William J. León H. & Narcisana Espinoza de Pernía (2000). "Estudio anatómico del leño de siete especies del género Beilschmiedia Nees (Lauraceae)" (PDF). Revista Forestal Venezolana. 44 (1): 47–56.
"Student 1". mobot.org.