Alocasia macrorrhizos

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Alismatales

Familia: Araceae
Subfamilia: Aroideae
Tribus: Colocasieae
Genus: Alocasia
Species: Alocasia macrorrhizos
Name

Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don, Hort., Brit. ed. 3, (Sweet) 631. 1839, as "macrorhizon".
Synonyms

Basionym

Arum macrorhizum L., Sp. Pl. 965. 1753.

Homotypic

Caladium macrorrhizon (L.) R. Br., Prodr., 336. 1810.
Colocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 18. 1832.

Heterotypic

Alocasia indica (Lour.) Spach, Hist. Nat. Veget. 12: 47. 1846.
Alocasia macrorrhizos var. rubra (Hassk.) Furtado, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. ser. 3, 11:254. 1941.
Alocasia macrorrhizos var. variegata (K. Koch & C. D. Bouché) Furtado, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. ser. 3, 11:253. 1941.
Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte, Ann. Gén. Hort. 21:93, t. 2206. 1875.
Arum indicum Lour., Fl. Cochin. 536. 1790.
Arum mucronatum Lam., Encycl. vol. 3, 12. 1789.
Arum peregrinum L., Sp. Pl., 966. 1753.
Caladium glycirrhizum Fraser, Bot. Misc. (Hooker) vol. 1, 259. 1830.
Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3:39. 1841.
Colocasia peregrina (L.) Schott, Syn. Aroid., 2. 1856.
Alocasia variegata K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, App. Gen. Sp. Nov. (A. C. H. Braun et al.) 5. 1854.
Arum cordifolium Bory, Voy. îles Afrique 1: 376 (1804).
Caladium odoratum G.Lodd., Bot. Cab. 5: t. 416 (1820).
Arum montanum Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 497 (1832).
Arum rapiforme Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 497 (1832).
Calla badian Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 658 (1837).
Calla maxima Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 658 (1837).
Colocasia indica var. rubra Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar.: 145 (1840).
Colocasia boryi Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 41 (1841).
Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 39 (1841).
Colocasia montana (Roxb.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 40 (1841).
Colocasia mucronata (Lam.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 40 (1841).
Colocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 40 (1841).
Philodendron peregrinum (L.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 51 (1841).
Philodendron punctatum Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 48 (1841).
Alocasia metallica Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 410 (1854).
Alocasia montana (Roxb.) Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 410 (1854).
Alocasia pallida K.Koch & C.D.Bouché, Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1854(App.): 5 (1855).
Caladium indicum K.Koch, Berliner Allg. Gartenzeitung 1857: 136 (1857), not validly publ.
Caladium plumbeum K.Koch, Berliner Allg. Gartenzeitung 1857: 136 (1857), not validly publ.
Alocasia indica var. metallica (Schott) Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 145 (1860).
Alocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 157 (1860).
Alocasia macrorrhizos var. variegata (K.Koch & C.D.Bouché) B.S.Williams, Choice Stove Orn.-Leav. Pl.: 325 (1870).
Alocasia indica var. heterophylla Engl. in A.L.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 2: 502 (1879).
Alocasia indica var. variegata (K.Koch & C.D.Bouché) Engl. in A.L.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 2: 502 (1879).
Caladium metallicum Engl. in A.L.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 2: 502 (1879).
Alocasia grandis N.E.Br., Gard. Chron., n.s., 26: 890 (1886), nom. illeg.
Alocasia marginata N.E.Br., Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 2: 712 (1887).
Alocasia harrisii-pulchrum Pynaert, Nursery Cat. (Éd. Pynaert - Van Geert) 1888(Suppl.): 3 (1888).
Alocasia insignis Pynaert, Nursery Cat. (Éd. Pynaert - Van Geert) 1888(Suppl.): 3 (1888).
Alocasia cordifolia (Bory) Cordem., Fl. Réunion: 136 (1895).
Alocasia gigas Chantrier ex André, Rev. Hort. (Paris) 69: 402 (1897).
Alocasia indica var. diversifolia Engl., Pflanzenr., IV, 23E: 88 (1920).
Alocasia indica var. rubra (Hassk.) Engl., Pflanzenr., IV, 23E: 88 (1920).
Alocasia indica var. typica Engl., Pflanzenr., IV, 23E: 87 (1920).
Alocasia uhinkii Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 23E: 110 (1920).

Note:

Furtado misapplied the name A. macrorrhizos var variegata to the Australian A. brisbanensis.
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
References

Don, G., 1839. Hort. Brit. ed. 3, (Sweet) 631. 1839, as "macrorhizon".
Flora of Pakistan (2008). 'eFloras. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. 2009 Nov 06 [1].
Mansfeld's World Database of Agriculture and Horticultural Crops (1998-). IPK Gatersleben. 2009 Nov 16 [2].
USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, 6 March 2006 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2018. Alocasia macrorrhizos in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Nov. 02. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Alocasia macrorrhizos. Published online. Accessed: Nov. 02 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Alocasia macrorrhizos in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Nov. 02.
Tropicos.org 2018. Alocasia macrorrhizos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 02 Nov. 2018.

Vernacular names
English: Giant Taro
español: Manto de Eva

Alocasia macrorrhizos is a species of flowering plant in the arum family (Araceae) that it is native to rainforests of Maritime Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Queensland[1] and has long been cultivated in the Philippines, many Pacific islands, and elsewhere in the tropics. Common names include giant taro,[2] ʻape, giant alocasia, biga,[3] and pia.[4] In Australia it is known as the cunjevoi[4] (a term which also refers to a marine animal).

History
Giant taro in Jinguashi, Taiwan

The giant taro was originally domesticated in the Philippines, but are known from wild specimens to early Austronesians in Taiwan. From the Philippines, they spread outwards to the rest of Maritime Southeast Asia and eastward to Oceania where it became one of the staple crops of Pacific Islanders.[5][6] They are one of the four main species of aroids (taros) cultivated by Austronesians primarily as a source of starch, the others being Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Colocasia esculenta, and Cyrtosperma merkusii, each with multiple cultivated varieties. Their leaves and stems are also edible if cooked thoroughly, though this is rarely done for giant taro as it contains higher amounts of raphides which cause itching.[7][8]

The reconstructed word for giant taro in Proto-Austronesian is *biRaq, which became Proto-Oceanic *piRaq. Modern cognates in Maritime Southeast Asia and Micronesia include Rukai vi'a or bi'a; Ifugao bila; Ilocano, Cebuano, and Bikol biga; Tiruray bira; Ngaju biha; Malagasy via; Malay and Acehnese birah; Mongondow biga; Palauan bísə; Chamorro piga; Bima wia; Roti and Tetun fia; Asilulu hila; and Kowiai fira. In Oceania, cognates for it include Wuvulu and Aua pia; Motu and 'Are'are hira; Kilivila and Fijian via; and Hawaiian pia. Note that in some cases, the cognates have shifted to mean other types of taro.[9][5]

Indigenous Australian names included pitchu in the Burnett River (Queensland); cunjevoi (South Queensland); hakkin Rockhampton (Queensland); bargadga or nargan of the Cleveland Bay.[10] The Yugarabul word for the plant, bundal,[11] is also where the name of the suburb Boondall is derived from.
Uses
Binagol, a Filipino sweet delicacy made from mashed giant taro corms and coconut milk

It is edible if cooked for a long time but its sap irritates the skin due to calcium oxalate crystals, or raphides which are needle like.[12] Plants harvested later will have more raphides.[13] Alocasia species are commonly found in marketplaces in Samoa and Tonga and other parts of Polynesia. The varieties recognized in Tahiti are the Ape oa, haparu, maota, and uahea. The Hawaiian saying: ʻAi no i ka ʻape he maneʻo no ka nuku (The eater of ʻape will have an itchy mouth) means "there will be consequences for partaking of something bad".[14]

The giant heart-shaped leaves make impromptu umbrellas in tropical downpours.

Anthelme Thozet in 1866 documented the method of preparation: "The young bulbs, of a light rose colour inside, found growing on large old rhizomes, are scraped, divided into two parts, and put under hot ashes for about half an hour. When sufficiently baked, they are then pounded by hard strokes between two stones – a large one, Wallarie, and a small one, Kondola. All the pieces which do not look farinaceous, but watery when broken, are thrown away; the others, by strokes of the Kondola, are united by twos or threes, and put into the fire again ; they are then taken out and pounded together in the form of a cake, which is again returned to the fire and carefully turned occasionally. This operation is repeated eight or ten times, and when the hakkin, which is now of a green-greyish colour, begins to harden, it is fit for use."[15]: 14 
See also

Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia

References

"Alocasia macrorrhizos". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Alocasia macrorrhizos". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Sutarno, Hadi. "Alocasia macrorrhizos (PROSEA)". Pl@ntUse. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
"Alocasia macrorrhizos". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2010-05-23.
Osmond, Meredith (1998). "Horticultural practices" (PDF). In Ross, Malcolm; Pawley, Andrew; Osmond, Meredith (eds.). The lexicon of Proto Oceanic : The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society. Vol. 1: Material Culture. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 115–142. doi:10.15144/PL-C152.115.
Nauheimer, Lars; Boyce, Peter C.; Renner, Susanne S. (April 2012). "Giant taro and its relatives: A phylogeny of the large genus Alocasia (Araceae) sheds light on Miocene floristic exchange in the Malesian region". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.011. PMID 22209857.
Manner, Harley I. (2006). "Farm and Forestry Production Marketing Profile for Giant Tao (Alocasia macrorrhiza)" (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agricultural Resource (PAR).
Matthews, Peter J. (1995). "Aroids and the Austronesians". Tropics. 4 (2/3): 105–126. doi:10.3759/tropics.4.105.
Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2013). "The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress". Oceanic Linguistics. 52 (2): 493–523. doi:10.1353/ol.2013.0016. S2CID 146739541.
Maiden, Joseph H. (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney. pp. 18–19.
Watson, F. J. Vocabularies of four representative tribes of South Eastern Queensland : with grammatical notes thereof and some notes on manners and customs : Also, a list of aboriginal place names and their derivations. [Royal Geographical Society of Australia [Brisbane, Queensland]. OCLC 930955155.
Susan Scott; Craig Thomas (2009). Poisonous Plants of Paradise: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii's Plants. University of Hawaii Press.
Sanderson, Helen (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 0415927463.
Pukui, Mary Kawena (1986). 'Ōlelo No'eau, Hawaiian Proverbs and Sayings. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.
Thozet, Anthelme (1866). Notes on some of the roots, tubers, bulbs, and fruits, used as vegetable food by the Aboriginals of Northern Queensland, Australia. Rockhampton [Qld.] : Printed by W.H. Buzacott, "Bulletin" Office. [1][2]