Dasyatis lata (*) Cladus: Eukaryota Vernacular names --------- The brown stingray or broad stingray, Dasyatis lata (often misspelled latus),[2] is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. The predominant stingray species in nearshore waters of the Hawaiian Islands, it typically inhabits sandy or muddy flats at depths greater than 15 m (49 ft). Typically growing to 1 m (3 ft) across, the brown stingray has a wide, diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc with a protruding snout tip and a long tail with a ventral fin fold. At night, this species actively forages for bottom-dwelling invertebrates and bony fishes, often near the boundaries of reefs. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous. As there does not appear to be any substantial threats to its population, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed this species under Least Concern. American zoologist Samuel Garman described the brown stingray in a 1880 issue of the scientific journal Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, giving it the name Trygon lata from the Latin word for "broad".[3][4] Subsequent authors synonymized Trygon with Dasyatis.[2] The type specimen was collected from what were then called the "Sandwich Islands", and measures 52 cm (20 in) across.[3] Lisa Rosenberger's 2001 phylogenetic analysis of 14 Dasyatis species, based on morphological characters, found that the sister species of the brown stingray is the roughtail stingray (D. centroura), and that they form a clade with the southern stingray (D. americana) and the longtail stingray (D. longa). As D. centroura is found in the Atlantic, this suggests that it and D. lata evolutionarily diverged before or with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama (c. 3 Ma).[5] Distribution and habitat The brown stingray has only been confirmed to occur around the Hawaiian Islands, where it is the most abundant stingray.[4] A record of this species from off Taiwan has yet to be verified.[1] Brown stingrays are common in coastal bays with mud or silt bottoms, including Ma'alaea Bay off the island of Maui and Kaneohe Bay off the island of Oahu, but may also be encountered in sandy areas or near coral reefs. It has been reported from depths of 2.5–357 m (8–1,171 ft), though most are found deeper than 15 m (49 ft).[4][6] Description Larger rays have three large, elongated tubercles in the middle of the back; the tail is roughened by small dermal denticles, along with an irregular row of conical tubercles on each side and several large, flattened tubercles in front of the spine. This species is plain olive to brown above and white below.[3] Though rarely found so far west, the similar-looking diamond stingray (D. dipterura) is the only other nearshore stingray that occurs off Hawaii; it can be distinguished from this species by its tail, which is shorter and has both upper and lower fin folds. The brown stingray can reach 1.5 m (5 ft) across and 56 kg (120 lb) in weight, though few exceed 1 m (3 ft) across.[4][7] Biology and ecology The brown stingray feeds mainly on bottom-dwelling crustaceans, while also taking polychaete worms and small bony fishes.[7] It excavates large pits to uncover buried prey, and is often followed by opportunists such as jacks.[4] Foraging rays favor areas close to reef boundaries, where many parrotfish, wrasses, gobies, and other reef fishes shelter at night.[8] Known parasites of this species include the tapeworms Acanthobothrium chengi, Rhinebothrium hawaiiensis,[9] Pterobothrium hawaiiensis, Prochristianella micracantha, and Parachristianella monomegacantha.[10] Like other stingrays, the brown stingray is aplacental viviparous.[6] Kaneohe Bay appears to be a nursery area for this species, where it and juvenile scalloped hammerheads (Sphyrna lewini) are the dominant predators.[8] Human interactions The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the brown stingray as of Least Concern, as it faces no obvious threats from human activity and its range overlaps with several Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).[1] This species has become a popular subject for display at public aquariums and resorts.[4] References 1. ^ a b c Ebert, D.A., D.A. Vidthayanon and B. Samiengo (2007). Dasyatis lata. In: IUCN 2007. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on December 5, 2009.
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