Boops boops

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Spariformes

Familia: Sparidae
Genus: Boops
Species: B. boops
Name

Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms

Sparus boops (protonym)
Box boops
Box vulgaris Valenciennes, 1830
Boops canariensis Valenciennes, 1839
Box canariensis (Valenciennes, 1839)

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 280. Open access Reference page.
Valenciennes, A. 1930. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome Sixième. Livre sixième. Partie I. Des Sparoïdes; Partie II. Des Ménides v. 6: i–xxiv + 6 pp. + 1–559, Pls. 141–169. BHL Reference page.
Valenciennes, A. 1839. Ichthyologie des îles Canaries, ou histoire naturelle des poissons rapportés par Webb & Berthelot. Le bogue Canarien — Boops canariensis. pp. 36, pl. X, fig. 1. In: P. B. Webb & S. Berthelot. Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries. Paris, 1835–1850. v. 2 (pt 2): 1–109, 26 pls. BHL

Links

Boops boops in the World Register of Marine Species
Boops boops in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.

Vernacular names
aragonés: Boga
العربية: سمكة موزة
български: Гопа
català: Boga
Deutsch: Gelbstriemenbrasse
Ελληνικά: Γόπα
English: Bogue
español: Boga
euskara: Boga
français: Bogue
galego: Boga
hrvatski: Bukv
italiano: Boga
Nederlands: Bokvis
русский: Бопс
sicilianu: Opa
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Bukva
slovenščina: Bukva
svenska: Oxögonfisk
Türkçe: Kupes
українська: Бопс великоокий
中文: 牛眼鯛

Boops boops (/ˈboʊ.ɒps ˈboʊ.ɒps/; from Ancient Greek βόωψ, literally 'ox-eyed'), commonly called the bogue, is a species of seabream native to the eastern Atlantic.[2]
Taxonomy

In the fourth century BCE, Boops boops was documented by Aristotle as box (Greek βῶξ) in his Historia Animalium.[3] In the early third century CE, Athenaeus, in his Deipnosophistae, also called the fish box and suggested that the name came from the sound that the fish makes (Greek βοή, "roar"). The name boops (Greek βόωψ, "ox-eyed") is mentioned due to the fish's large eyes.[4][5] The first scientific description comes from Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae as Sparus boops. It was later reclassified under the genus Boops.[6]
Distribution and habitat

The species is found off the coasts of Europe, Africa, the Azores and the Canary Islands, from Norway to Angola, and in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It avoids brackish waters such as the Baltic Sea. A demersal and semi-pelagic feeder, it can generally be found at a depth of 100 m (330 ft), and infrequently down to 350 m (1,150 ft).[7]
Ecology

It consumes seaweed, crustaceans, and some plankton, in schools that rise to the surface at night. Individuals can reach 36 cm (14 in), but average 20 cm (7.9 in). Sex determination in the bogue is unclear. It has variously been described as a rudimentary intersex organism, with a few intersex individuals, or a protogynous intersex, with individuals starting out life as females, and some becoming male later on.[7]
Human use
Boops boops in a bucket

The species is commercially fished, with 37,830 tonnes taken in 2008.[2] European Commission standards include three size categories for Boops boops, from size 3, which is between 32 and 70 fish per kilogram, to size 1, which is no more than 5 fish per kilogram.[8]

When cleaned and pan fried, broiled or baked fresh, they are good tasting, but when stored their gut flora soon spread unpleasant flavors to their flesh.

Their shelf life is limited, as when stored at freezing (0 °C) for a week, or slightly above freezing for 2 to 4 days, the taste after cooking becomes of "unacceptable quality".[9] Much of the catch is used for fishmeal or tuna fishing bait.[citation needed] Boops boops has been used as an indicator of microplastic pollution in the Mediterranean sea.[10][11]
Parasites

The bogue is host to a wide variety of parasites, ranging from metazoans such as monogenean flatworms (e.g. Microcotyle isyebi[12] and Cyclocotyla bellones) acanthocephalan spiny-headed worms, nematode roundworms, isopod and copepod crustaceans and myxozoan cnidarians to the unicellular dinoflagellate Ichthyodinium chabelardi, a parasite lethal to eggs developing in ovaries. At least 67 metazoan parasite species have been reported from the species.[13] In the aftermath of the 2002 Prestige oil spill, the community of parasitic species inhabiting bogue caught off the coast of Spain was noticeably altered.[14]
References

Pollard, D.; Carpenter, K.E.; Russell, B. (2014). "Boops boops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T170251A1301787. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170251A1301787.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
"Boops boops". Fisheries Global Information System. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth (1910). A History of Animals. Clarendon Press.
Dalby, A. (2003). Food in the Ancient World From A to Z. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 0-415-23259-7.
"LacusCurtius: Athenaeus — Deipnosophistae". penelope.uchicago.edu. p. 289. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
"CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes". researcharchive.calacademy.org. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2023). "Boops boops" in FishBase. 7 2023 version.
"Commercial designations: Boops boops". European Commission.
Koutsoumanis, K.; Nychas, G. J. (1999). "Chemical and sensory changes associated with microbial flora of Mediterranean Boque (Boops boops) stored aerobically at 0, 3, 7, and 10 °C". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65 (2). American Society for Microbiology: 698–706. Bibcode:1999ApEnM..65..698K. doi:10.1128/AEM.65.2.698-706.1999. PMC 91082. PMID 9925603.
Bray, Laura; Digka, Nikoletta; Tsangaris, Catherine; Camedda, Andrea; Gambaiani, Delphine; de Lucia, Giuseppe Andrea; Matiddi, Marco; Miaud, Claude; Palazzo, Luca; Pérez-del-Olmo, Ana; Raga, Juan Antonio; Silvestri, Cecilia; Kaberi, Helen (2019-04-01). "Determining suitable fish to monitor plastic ingestion trends in the Mediterranean Sea". Environmental Pollution. 247: 1071–1077. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.100. ISSN 0269-7491.
Tsangaris, Catherine; Digka, Nikoletta; Valente, Tommaso; Aguilar, Alex; Borrell, Asunción; de Lucia, Giuseppe Andrea; Gambaiani, Delphine; Garcia-Garin, Odei; Kaberi, Helen; Martin, Jessica; Mauriño, Elena; Miaud, Claude; Palazzo, Luca; del Olmo, Ana Pérez; Raga, Juan Antonio (2020-09-01). "Using Boops boops (osteichthyes) to assess microplastic ingestion in the Mediterranean Sea". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 158: 111397. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111397. ISSN 0025-326X.
Bouguerche, Chahinez; Gey, Delphine; Justine, Jean-Lou; Tazerouti, Fadila (2019). "Towards the resolution of the Microcotyle erythrini species complex: description of Microcotyle isyebi n. sp. (Monogenea, Microcotylidae) from Boops boops (Teleostei, Sparidae) off the Algerian coast" (PDF). Parasitology Research. 118 (5): 1417–1428. doi:10.1007/s00436-019-06293-y. ISSN 0932-0113. PMID 30915549. S2CID 85528221.
Olmo, Ana Pérez-del; Fernández, Mercedes; Gibson, David I.; Raga, Juan Antonio; Kostadinova, Aneta (2007). "Descriptions of some unusual digeneans from Boops boops L. (Sparidae) and a complete checklist of its metazoan parasites". Systematic Parasitology. 66 (2). Springer: 137–157. doi:10.1007/s11230-006-9063-5. PMID 17318367. S2CID 25844447.
Pérez-del Olmo, A.; Raga, J.A.; Kostadinova, A.; Fernández, M. (2007). "Parasite communities in Boops boops (L.) (Sparidae) after the Prestige oil-spill: Detectable alterations". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 54 (3). Elsevier: 266–276. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.10.003. PMID 17118407.