Anostomidae

Cladus: Eukaryota
Supergroup: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Osteichthyes
Classis: Actinopterygii
Subclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Superordo: Ostariophysi
Ordo: Characiformes
Familia: Anostomidae
Genera: Abramites - Anostomoides - Anostomus - Gnathodolus - Laemolyta - Leporellus - Leporinus - Petulanos - Pseudanos - Rhytiodus - Sartor - Schizodon - Synaptolaemus

Reference

* Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2006. FishBase, version (02/2006). [1]

Vernacular names

----------

The Anostomidae are a family of ray-finned fishes that belong to the order Characiformes. Closely related to the Chilodontidae and formerly included with them, the Anostomidae contain over 140 described species. Commonly known as anostomids, they are found in freshwater habitats from the Río Atrato in northernmost South America to warm-temperate central Argentina; they are of Amazonian origin, with few found west of the Andes (mainly in Colombia and Venezuela). Their scientific name approximately means "mouth on top", from Ancient Greek áno- (ἄνω) "up" (as an adverb) + stóma (στόμᾶ) "mouth", in reference to the arrangement of these fishes' mouth opening.[1]
Description

Anostomids have elongated bodies ranging from 15 centimetres (5.9 in) to around 60 centimetres (24 in) in length; their shape varies between fusiform and deeper-bodied, but even the latter are only moderately laterally. They have elongated tapering heads with rather long straight snouts, and small apical to upturned mouths immediately at or near the snout tip. This family contains many headstanders, which habitually swim with the head pointing from 45 up to 90 degrees downwards; most feed on plants near the ground, while others also eat detritus and invertebrates picked up from river- or lakebeds. Adults will guard the eggs after spawning. Anostomidae are generally considered edible, and some of the larger species are caught for food on a regular basis, much like large Leuciscinae (which are superficially similar Cypriniformes) are in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.[2]

Their jaws are rather short, with the maxillar bone small and excluded from the mouth opening, while the ascending process of the premaxilla is triangular in overall shape and robustly developed. There is one row of 6 or 8 curved teeth in each jaw, arranged by length in a step-like fashion, with the front teeth being the longest; the pharyngeal teeth are enlarged and have two or more cusps each.[2]

Anostomid gill openings are small, with the gill membranes firmly joined to the isthmus; the ligament between the interopercle and the mouth is elongate and the interopercle is clearly separated from the retroarticular. On the sides of the preopercle, there is a large elongated protrusion, where the powerful jaw adductor muscles attach. The third epibranchial gill arch has a curved anterior process which extends medially over the dorsal surface of the fourth infrapharyngobranchial arch. The circumorbital bone series is complete and includes a supraorbital bone, and at least four, often more of the forward ribs are united by two or more intercostal ligaments.[1]

The lateral line is complete, contains 33-44 perforated scales and runs along the midline of the body. The dentary bears a short lateral-line canal ending at or shortly behind mid-length, and altogether the lateral-line canals of the head are divided into at least two ossified tubes. All anostomids have an adipose fin; their dorsal fin contains 1 and 11, the anal fin 1 and 9, and the pelvic fins 1 and 8-9 hard and soft rays, respectively.[1]

Systematics and evolution
This family is in all probability monotypic as traditionally defined. Several attempts to delimit subfamilies have taken place, and several of the proposed groupings indeed correspond to clades within this family. Leporellus has been recognized as the basal most living anostomid genus since long, due to its many plesiomorphies shared with the Chilodontidae and its peculiar apomorphies, and separated as a monotypic subfamily by some. A large clade of "modern" genera was treated as Anostominae by some authors; others considered that subfamily more inclusive.[3]

But the latter view is incorrect, as it includes a large number of lineages that are really basal members of the family and should not be treated as a subfamily (except monotypic ones, but these is generally avoided). Also, the huge assemblage usually treated under Leporinus is not monophyletic and in need of thorough study, to see how it is best divided up. Depending on the exact relationships of Anostomoides, a Leporinus sensu lato clade could warrant recognition as another subfamily. Finally, Rhytiodus and Schizodon would almost certainly qualify as another subfamily, even if only the Anostominae warrant recognition otherwise.[3]

Evolution and fossil record

The taxon Anostominae is also used to denote the entire family in outdated treatments, where the name "Anostomidae" is applied to the entire Anostomoidea (and sometimes even more distant relatives). In that respect, there is widespread agreement today that the closest living relatives of the Anostomidae sensu stricto are the Chilodontidae headstanders, the toothless characins (Curimatidae) and the flannel-mouthed characins (Prochilodontidae).[3]

The origin of the Anostomidae can be quite confidently placed in the Paleogene, and somewhat less securely in late Paleogene, based on various evidence. For one thing, the biogeography of the family, with some very basal taxa found west of the Andes, indicates that it was already well distinct when the northern part of that mountain range uplifted at the end of the Middle Miocene about 12 million years ago (mya). Then, there is some scant but highly informative fossil evidence assigned to this family: a premaxillary tooth was found in the Colombian Villavieja Formation[4] and dated to the Laventan age about 13.5-11.5 mya, while some pharyngeal teeth and other jaw parts found near Cuenca, Ecuador in the Cuenca basin (a structural basin[5]) are about 19 million years old. The fossil remains resemble Leporinus and were assigned to the living genus, but given its paraphyly and rather basal position, until more fossils are found the known remains can only be considered fairly basal Anostomidae, incertae sedis but probably close to the Leporinus assemblage.[3]

Cyphocharax mosesi, a fossil toothless characin found in Brazil, lived at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary about 23 mya. Thus, at that time the Anostomoidea families must have already been well distinct. Given that the Characiformes originated slightly more than 115 mya, the Anostomoidea probably diverged from their characiform relatives the Late Cretaceous and diversified thereafter; a Paleogene origin of the Anostomidae is thus most likely, with present-day subfamiilies (whatever eventually will be accepted) having diverged by the start of the Neogene. Whether the family originated in Oligocene or already in the Eocene (or perhaps even in the Paleocene) cannot be said until more fossil material is recovered, either to answer this question directly or to provide calibration for molecular phylogenetic studies.[6]
Footnotes

1. ^ a b c FishBase (2004), Sidlauskas & Vari (2008)
2. ^ a b Weitzman & Vari (1998), FishBase (2004), Sidlauskas & Vari (2008)
3. ^ a b c d e Sidlauskas & Vari (2008)
4. ^ "La Venta formation" in Sidlauskas & Vari (2008) is the old name.
5. ^ Steinmann, Michael (1997). The Cuenca basin of southern Ecuador. tectono-sedimentary history and the Tertiary Andean evolution. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001843356. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:40849.
6. ^ Filleul & Maisey (2004), Sidlauskas & Vari (2008)

References

* Filleul, Arnaud & Maisey, John G. (2004): Redescription of Santanichthys diasii (Otophysi, Characiformes) from the Albian of the Santana Formation and comments on its implications for otophysan relationships. American Museum Novitates 3455: 1-21. PDF fulltext
* FishBase (2004): Family Anostomidae - Headstanders. Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2009-FEB-26.
* Sidlauskas, Brian L. & Vari, Richard P. (2008): Phylogenetic relationships within the South American fish family Anostomidae (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Characiformes). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 154(1): 70–210. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00407.x (HTML abstract)
* Weitzman, S.H. & Vari, Richard P. (1998): [Anostomidae]. In: Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Fishes: 104. Academic Press, San Diego. ISBN 0-12-547665-5