Chelydra serpentina

Chelydra serpentina (*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Cladus: Archelosauria
Division: Pan-Testudines
Division: Testudinata
Ordo: Testudines
Subordo: Cryptodira

Superfamilia: Chelydroidea
Familia: Chelydridae
Genus: Chelydra
Species: Chelydra serpentina
Name

Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Type locality: “in Calidis regionibus”
Holotype: USNM. USNM 10369 (C. oceola)

Synonyms

Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758:199 (original combination)
Testudo serpentaria Wiedemann 1802 (nom. subst. pro T. serpentina L.)
Chelydra serpentina Schweigger 1812
Chelydra lacertina Schweigger 1812
Chelonura serpentina Say 1824:206
Testudo longicauda Shaw 1831 (nomen nudum)
Emysaura serpentina Duméril & Bibron 1835: 350
Chelydra emarginata Agassiz 1857
Macroclemys lacertina Rhoads 1895:381
Devisia mythodes Ogilby 1905
Macrochelys lacertina Largelamb 1907
Chelydra serpentina serpentina Stejneger 1914
Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger 1918:89
Chelydra osceola Stejneger 1918:89
Chelydra serpentina osceola Mertens 1934
Chelydra serpentina Stebbins 1985:97
Chelydra serpentina Conant & Collins 1991:41
Chelydra serpentina serpentina Crother 2000
Chelydra serpentina osceola Crother 2000
Chelydra serpentina TTWG 2014, 2017.

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL Reference page.
Schweigger, A. F. 1812. Prodromus monographiae Cheloniorum. Königsberger Archiv für Naturwissenschaft und Mathematik 1:271–368, 406–462. download
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 199. Reference page.
IUCN: Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Least Concern)
Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B. & van Dijk, P.P.). 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). Chelonian Research Monographs 7: 1–292. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. DOI: 10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. Paywall. Full article (PDF). Reference page.

Vernacular names
العربية: سلحفاة نهاشة
български: Кайманова костенурка
català: Chelydra serpentina
Tsetsêhestâhese: He'óonéma'ëno
čeština: Kajmanka dravá
Deutsch: Schnappschildkröte
English: North American Snapping Turtle; Common Snapping Turtle
Esperanto: Serpentotestudo
español: Tortuga mordedora
suomi: Näykkijäkilpikonna
français: Tortue serpentine
hrvatski: Nasrtljiva kornjača
magyar: Aligátorteknős
italiano: Tartaruga azzannatrice
日本語: カミツキガメ
lietuvių: Kaimaninis vėžlys
Nederlands: Bijtschildpad
polski: Żółw jaszczurowaty
پنجابی: چک مار کھچوپڑا
português: Chelydra serpentina
русский: Каймановая черепаха
slovenčina: Kajmanka dravá
українська: Кайманова черепаха
中文: 擬鱷龜

The common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) is a species of large freshwater turtle in the family Chelydridae. Its natural range extends from southeastern Canada, southwest to the edge of the Rocky Mountains, as far east as Nova Scotia and Florida. The three species of Chelydra and the larger alligator snapping turtles (genus Macrochelys) are the only extant chelydrids, a family now restricted to the Americas. The common snapping turtle, as its name implies, is the most widespread.[2]

The common snapping turtle is noted for its combative disposition when out of the water with its powerful beak-like jaws, and highly mobile head and neck (hence the specific epithet serpentina, meaning "snake-like"). In water, it is likely to flee and hide underwater in sediment. The common snapping turtle has a life-history strategy characterized by high and variable mortality of embryos and hatchlings, delayed sexual maturity, extended adult longevity, and iteroparity (repeated reproductive events) with low reproductive success per reproductive event.[3]

Females, and presumably also males, in more northern populations mature later (at 15–20 years) and at a larger size than in more southern populations (about 12 years). Lifespan in the wild is poorly known, but long-term mark-recapture data from Algonquin Park in Ontario, Canada, suggest a maximum age over 100 years.[3]

Anatomy and morphology
Close-up in Taum Sauk Mountain State Park
Head
Skull
Illustration from Holbrook's North American Herpetology, 1842

C. serpentina has a rugged, muscular build with a ridged carapace (upper shell), although ridges tend to be more pronounced in younger individuals. The carapace length in adulthood may be nearly 50 cm (20 in), though 25–47 cm (9.8–18.5 in) is more common.[4] C. serpentina usually weighs 4.5–16 kg (9.9–35.3 lb). Per one study, breeding common snapping turtles were found to average 28.5 cm (11.2 in) in carapace length, 22.5 cm (8.9 in) in plastron length and weigh about 6 kg (13 lb).[5]

Males are larger than females, with almost all weighing in excess of 10 kg (22 lb) being male and quite old, as the species continues to grow throughout life.[6] Any specimen above the aforementioned weights is exceptional, but the heaviest wild specimen caught reportedly weighed 34 kg (75 lb). Snapping turtles kept in captivity can be quite overweight due to overfeeding and have weighed as much as 39 kg (86 lb). In the northern part of its range, the common snapping turtle is often the heaviest native freshwater turtle.[7]
Hatchlings emerging from the ground
Ecology and life history

Common habitats are shallow ponds or streams. Some may inhabit brackish environments, such as estuaries. Common snapping turtles sometimes bask—though rarely observed—by floating on the surface with only their carapaces exposed, though in the northern parts of their range, they also readily bask on fallen logs in early spring. In shallow waters, common snapping turtles may lie beneath a muddy bottom with only their heads exposed, stretching their long necks to the surface for an occasional breath. Their nostrils are positioned on the very tip of the snout, effectively functioning as snorkels.[8]

Snapping turtles consume both plant and animal matter, and are important aquatic scavengers, but they are also active hunters that prey on anything they can swallow, including many invertebrates, fish, frogs, reptiles (including snakes and smaller turtles), unwary birds, and small mammals. In some areas adult snapping turtles can be incidentally detrimental to breeding waterfowl, as they will occasionally take ducklings and goslings, but their effect on such prey is frequently exaggerated.[8]
Eggs

Common snapping turtles have few predators when older, but eggs are subject to predation by crows, American mink, skunks, foxes, and raccoons. As hatchlings and juveniles, most of the same predators will attack them as well as herons (mostly great blue herons), bitterns, hawks, owls, fishers, American bullfrogs, large fish, and snakes.[7] There are records during winter in Canada of hibernating adult common snapping turtles being ambushed and preyed on by northern river otters.[6] Other natural predators which have reportedly preyed on adults include coyotes, American black bears, American alligators and their larger cousins, alligator snapping turtles.[9] Large, old male snapping turtles have very few natural threats due to their formidable size and defenses, and tend to have a very low annual mortality rate.[6]

These turtles travel extensively over land to reach new habitats or to lay eggs. Pollution, habitat destruction, food scarcity, overcrowding, and other factors drive snappers to move; it is quite common to find them traveling far from the nearest water source. Experimental data supports the idea that snapping turtles can sense the Earth's magnetic field, which could also be used for such movements (together with a variety of other possible orientation cues).[10][11]

This species mates from April through November, with their peak laying season in June and July. The female can hold sperm for several seasons, using it as necessary. Females travel over land to find sandy soil in which to lay their eggs, often some distance from the water. After digging a hole, the female typically deposits 25 to 80 eggs each year, guiding them into the nest with her hind feet and covering them with sand for incubation and protection.[12]

Incubation time is temperature-dependent, ranging from 9 to 18 weeks. In cooler climates, hatchlings overwinter in the nest. The common snapping turtle is remarkably cold-tolerant; radiotelemetry studies have shown some individuals do not hibernate, but remain active under the ice during the winter.[12]

In the northern part of their range snapping turtles do not breathe for more than six months because ice covers their hibernating site. These turtles can get oxygen by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas exchange to take place through the membranes of their mouth and throat. This is known as extrapulmonary respiration.[13]

If they cannot get enough oxygen through this method they start to utilize anaerobic pathways, burning sugars and fats without the use of oxygen. The metabolic by-products from this process are acidic and create very undesirable side effects by spring, which are known as oxygen debt.[13] Although designated as "least concern" on the IUCN redlist, the species has been designated in the Canadian part of its range as "Special Concern" due to its life history being sensitive to disruption by anthropogenic activity.[14]
Systematics and taxonomy

Currently, no subspecies of the common snapping turtle are recognized.[15] The former Florida subspecies osceola is currently considered a synonym of serpentina, while the other former subspecies Chelydra rossignonii[16] and Chelydra acutirostris are both recognized as full species.[15][17]
Behavior

In their environment, they are at the top of the food chain, causing them to feel less fear or aggression in some cases. When they encounter a species unfamiliar to them such as humans, in rare instances, they will become curious and survey the situation and even more rarely may bump their nose on a leg of the person standing in the water. Although snapping turtles have fierce dispositions,[18] when they are encountered in the water or a swimmer approaches, they will slip quietly away from any disturbance or may seek shelter under mud or grass nearby.[19]
Relationship with humans
As food

The common snapping turtle is a traditional ingredient in turtle soup; consumption in large quantities, however, can become a health concern due to potential concentration of toxic environmental pollutants in the turtle's flesh.[20]
Captivity

The common snapping turtle is not an ideal pet. Its neck is very flexible, and a wild turtle can bite its handler even if picked up by the sides of its shell. The claws are about as sharp as those of dogs, but cannot be trimmed as can dog claws. Despite this, a snapping turtle cannot use its claws for either attacking (its legs have no speed or strength in "swiping" motions) or eating (no opposable thumbs), but only as aids for digging and gripping. Veterinary care is best left to a reptile specialist. A wild common snapping turtle will make a hissing sound when it is threatened or encountered, but they prefer not to invoke confrontations.[21]

It is a common misconception that common snapping turtles may be safely picked up by the tail with no harm to the animal; in fact, this has a high chance of injuring the turtle, especially the tail itself and the vertebral column.[22] Lifting the turtle with the hands is difficult and dangerous. Snappers can stretch their necks back across their own carapace and to their hind feet on either side to bite. When they feel stressed, they release a musky odor from behind their legs.

It may be tempting to rescue a snapping turtle found on a road by getting it to bite a stick and then dragging it out of immediate danger. This action can, however, severely scrape the legs and underside of the turtle and lead to deadly infections in the wounds. The safest way to pick up a common snapping turtle is by grasping the carapace above the back legs. There is a large gap above the back legs that allows for easy grasping of the carapace and keeps hands safe from both the beak and claws of the turtle. It can also be picked up with a shovel, from the back, making sure the shovel is square across the bottom of the shell. The easiest way, though, is with a blanket or tarp, picking up the corners with the turtle in the middle.

Snapping turtles are raised on some turtle farms in China.[23]
In politics
Political cartoon depicting merchants attempting to dodge the "Ograbme"
Close-up in Red Lake Falls, Minnesota

The common snapping turtle was the central feature of a famous American political cartoon. Published in 1808 in protest at the Jeffersonian Embargo Act of 1807, the cartoon depicted a snapping turtle, jaws locked fiercely to an American trader who was attempting to carry a barrel of goods onto a British ship. The trader was seen whimsically uttering the words "Oh! this cursed Ograbme" ("embargo" spelled backwards, and also "O, grab me" as the turtle is doing). This piece is widely considered a pioneering work within the genre of the modern political cartoon.[citation needed]

In 2006, the common snapping turtle was declared the state reptile of New York by vote of the New York Legislature after being chosen by the state's public elementary school children.[24]
Reputation

While it is widely rumored that common snapping turtles can bite off human fingers or toes, and their powerful jaws are more than capable of doing so, no proven cases have ever been presented for this species, as they use their overall size and strength to deter would-be predators.[25] Common snapping turtles are "quite docile" animals underwater that prefer to avoid confrontations rather than provoke them.[25]

In 2002, a study done in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology found that the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) registered between 208 and 226 Newtons of force when it came to jaw strength. In comparison, the average bite force of a human (molars area) is between 300 and 700 Newtons.[26][27] Another non-closely related species known as the alligator snapping turtle has been known to bite off fingers, and at least three documented cases are known.[28]
Invasive species

In recent years in Italy, large mature adult C. serpentina turtles have been taken from bodies of water throughout the country. They were most probably introduced by the release of unwanted pets. In March 2011, an individual weighing 20 kg (44 lb) was captured in a canal near Rome;[29] another individual was captured near Rome in September 2012.[30]

In Japan, the species was introduced as an exotic pet in the 1960s; it has been recorded as the source of serious bite injuries. In 2004 and 2005, some 1,000 individuals were found in Chiba Prefecture, making up the majority of individuals believed to have been introduced.[31]
Conservation

The species is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, but has declined sufficiently due to pressure from collection for the pet trade and habitat degradation that Canada and several U.S. states have enacted or are proposing stricter conservation measures.[1] In Canada, it is listed as "Special Concern" in the Species at Risk Act in 2011 and is a target species for projects that include surveys, identification of major habitats, investigation and mitigation of threats, and education of the public including landowners. Involved bodies include governmental departments, universities, museums, and citizen science projects.[32]
References

van Dijk, P.P. (2012). "Chelydra serpentina ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T163424A97408395. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Ernst, C.H. (2008). "Systematics, Taxonomy, and Geographic Distribution of the Snapping Turtles, Family Chelydridae". In A.C. Styermark; M.S. Finkler; R.J. Brooks (eds.). Biology of the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 5–13.
"COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina" (PDF).
Wilson, D.E.; Burnie, D., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. London and New York: Dorling Kindersley (DK) Publishing. 624 pp. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-4.
Iverson, J.B.; Higgins, H.; Sirulnik, A.; Griffiths, C. (1997). "Local and geographic variation in the reproductive biology of the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)". Herpetologica 53 (1): 96-117.
Brooks, R.J.; Brown, G.P.; Galbraith, D.A. (1991). "Effects of a sudden increase in natural mortality of adults on a population of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 (5): 1314-1320.
Virginia Herpetological Society: Eastern Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina serpentina
Hammer, D.A. (1972). Ecological relations of waterfowl and snapping turtle populations. Ph.D. dissertation, Utah State University, Salt Lake City, UT. 72 pg.
Ernst, C.H., & Lovich, J. E. (2009). Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Landler, Lukas; Painter, Michael S.; Youmans, Paul W.; Hopkins, William A.; Phillips, John B. (2015-05-15). "Spontaneous Magnetic Alignment by Yearling Snapping Turtles: Rapid Association of Radio Frequency Dependent Pattern of Magnetic Input with Novel Surroundings". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0124728. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1024728L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124728. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4433231. PMID 25978736.
Congdon, Justin D.; Pappas, Michael J.; Krenz, John D.; Brecke, Bruce J.; Schlenner, Meredith (2015-02-27). "Compass Orientation During Dispersal of Freshwater Hatchling Snapp Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii)". Ethology. 121 (6): 538–547. doi:10.1111/eth.12366. ISSN 0179-1613.
"US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory: Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina)". Archived from the original on 2013-03-31. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
Edqvist, ULf. "Tortoise Trust Web - Conservation and Ecology of Snapping Turtles". www.tortoisetrust.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
COSEWIC. "Species Profile - Snapping Turtle". Species At Risk Public Registry. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2010-12-14). Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 5. p. 000.xx. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010. ISBN 978-0965354097. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-15.
van Dijk, P.P.; Lee, J.; Calderón Mandujano, R.; Flores-Villela, O.; Lopez-Luna, M.A.; Vogt, R.C. (2007). "Chelydra rossignoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
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"Common Snapping Turtle: Interesting Facts". Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, State of Connecticut. DEEP (ct.gov). 8 November 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
PlusPets Staff. (2020, October 24). Snapping Turtles: A Guide to Owning This Difficult Turtle Breed. PlusPets. http://pluspets.com/snapping-turtles/
Indiviglio, Frank (2008-06-24). "Handling Snapping Turtles, Chelydra serpentina, and Other Large Turtles". That Reptile Blog. That Pet Place. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
Fang Anning (方安宁), "“小庭院”养殖龟鳖大有赚头 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine" (Small-scale turtle farming may be very profitable). Zuojiang Daily (左江日报) (with photo)
Medina, Jennifer (2006-06-23). "A Few Things Lawmakers Can Agree On". N.Y./Region. New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
Kiley Briggs (July 11, 2018). "Snappers: The myth vs the turtle". The Orianne Society. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
"7 things you need to know about snapping turtles". CBC News. June 16, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
A. Herrel, J. C. O'Reilly, A. M. Richmond (2002). "Evolution of bite performance in turtles". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 15 (6): 1083–1094. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00459.x. S2CID 54067445.
J. Whitfield Gibbons (June 24, 2018). "Can a Snapping Turtle bite off a finger?". University of Georgia. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
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Desaki, Yotaro (5 August 2014). "Invasive snapping turtles on the rise in Chiba, other areas". thejapantimes news. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

Environment and Climate Change Canada (2016). Management Plan for the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) in Canada [Proposed] (PDF). Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Ottawa: Ottawa, Environment and Climate Change Canada.

External links

The Snapping Turtle Page - www.chelydra.org
Video: How to Help a Snapping Turtle Cross a Road, Toronto Zoo
Snapping Turtle, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa