Mesoplodon layardii, Photo: Michael Lahanas
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Cladus: Ferungulata
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Subordo: Whippomorpha
Infraordo: Cetacea
Cladus: Neoceti
Parvordo: Odontoceti
Familia: Ziphiidae
Subfamilia: Hyperoodontinae
Genus: Mesoplodon
Species: Mesoplodon layardii
Name
Mesoplodon layardii (J. E. Gray, 1865)
References
Mesoplodon layardii in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Strap-toothed Whale
suomi: Kuonokoppanokkavalas
magyar: Agyaras csőröscet, kapocsfogú csőröscet
日本語: ヒモハクジラ
Türkçe: Uzun dişli gagalı balina
The strap-toothed beaked whale (Mesoplodon layardii), also known as Layard's beaked whale, is one of the largest members of the Mesoplodon genus, growing to 6.2 m (20 ft) in length and reaching up to 1,300 kg (2,900 lb).[3] The common and scientific name was given in honor of Edgar Leopold Layard, the curator of the South African Museum, who prepared drawings of a skull and sent them to the British taxonomist John Edward Gray, who described the species in 1865.[4]
Description
Skull of a male strap-toothed beaked whale
Small denticles on the upper surface of the male's tusks
Adult strap-toothed beaked whales show a distinctive colouration that perhaps makes them one of the most readily distinguishable beaked whale species. Adults have a white beak, with a pale white 'cape' that extends to halfway between the dorsal fin and head. The dorsal fin is set far back down the body and is white-tipped. The flukes also have white tips. When observed closely, either at sea or when stranded, these whales show a pale neckband that separates the darker grey colouration found upon the head and melon from the rest of the body. While adult whales show striking colouration, juvenile animals are harder to distinguish from other beaked whale species, having a uniform grey colouration.[5] Males can reach around 5.9 metres (19 ft), whereas females reach 6.2 metres (20 ft) and likely weigh around 1,000–1,300 kilograms (2,200–2,900 lb). Newborn calves may be up to 2.8 metres (9.2 ft) in length.[4]
Beaked whales show remarkable sexual dimorphism in that only the males retain functional teeth. Male strap-toothed beaked whales begin to develop a large flat tusk from each lower jaw as juveniles, growing at a 45° angle back towards the head and over the rostrum (beak). Reaching up to 34 cm in length,[6] the teeth may overlap at the tips, restricting the gape size of the animal. Two stranded adult male strap-toothed beaked whales were recorded as only being able to open their mouths 3.2 cm and 4 cm wide, compared to females and juveniles that had a gape size of 6.5 cm.[7] It is thought male beaked whales use their teeth to compete for mating access to females, as evidenced by scars and scratches on the bodies of males. However it is unlikely the whale uses the whole tusk for such aggressive interactions, instead, it is probable that only a small denticle found upon the upper surface of the tooth is utilised.[8]
Geographical range/ distribution
Based on sporadic sightings and a number of stranded animals, it appears that the strap-toothed beaked whale ranges widely across the Southern Ocean, with a possible circumpolar distribution in sub-Antarctic and temperate waters. Records for the species have been made in Tierra del Fuego and Chubut in Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Western and Southern Australia and New Zealand.[9]
The northernmost extent of the range is continually changing; strandings were noted at 31–32° south of the equator along Brazil's southern coast [10] until an emaciated individual was found at 13° S on Maré Island off the north-east coast of Brazil in 2002.[11] However, in 2011 an adult male strap-toothed beaked whale stranded alive in Myanmar at 16° north of the equator; more than 5000 km further north than the previously accepted range of the species. The whale died and a necropsy revealed that there was no prey within the stomach, but the overall body condition was good.[12]
It is possible that this species migrates due to the seasonality of observed strandings.[13][14]
Behaviour
A porpoising strap-toothed whale, photographed in the Drake Passage between Chile and Antarctica.
Little is known about the behaviour of this species. Beaked whales are thought to travel in small groups, and observed group sizes for the strap-toothed beaked whale range from two to ten individuals.[15][5] Social structure of mesoplodonts in general is largely understudied, due to the difficulty of observing individuals at sea. It is possible that group sizes and composition are controlled by the type of rostrum and teeth found amongst the various species. Larger and heavily armed species that can inflict wounds generally travel in groups where only one or two males are present, reducing the risk of aggressive interactions.[16][5] Despite having large tusks, male strap-toothed beaked whales likely only use a small protruding denticle on each tooth in agonistic interactions. Subsequently, this species may travel in groups with multiple males as the risk of serious injury is lessened.[5]
The species is reported to bask at the water's surface on calm days, but is noted to be difficult to approach in vessels. Strap-toothed beaked whales typically do not show their flukes upon diving. A number of observations suggest that diving is typified by a slow descent beneath the surface,[17] with dive duration lasting between 10 and 15 minutes.[18] The species can travel at speed, and may show 'porpoising' behaviour.
The killer whale (Orcinus orca) is a documented predator of this species, and has been recorded chasing, attacking and killing a solitary adult strap-toothed whale approximately 50 km offshore of Bremer Bay in south-western Australia.[19]
The main prey of the strap-tooth beaked whale is considered to be oceanic squid species. In an extensive dietary analysis of 14 stranded whales from New Zealand and South Africa, 94.8% of the stomach contents were composed of cephalopods, with evidence of some fish and crustaceans.[20] A difference in the shape of consumed prey was noted between male and female whales, but it was determined that both sexes targeted squid of a similar size. While adult males have a restricted gape size due to the position of their overlapping tusks, it is possible that this allows them to create more suction when feeding, allowing them to forage effectively on the same prey as females and juveniles.
Population status
The size of the population is unknown, however it has been noted that the species is one of the more common beaked whale species found in the southern ocean.[21][22]
Threats
A strap-tooth beaked whale is seen porpoising through the water as a killer whale attacks its right flank, resulting in a large bite wound
Strap-toothed beaked whales have not been commercially hunted; however, they are at risk from entanglement and disturbance from anthropogenic noise. Intense noise, particularly that from sonar, has been shown to cause panic, rapid ascent and subsequent death due to decompression sickness in a number of beaked whale species.[23][24]
As the species has a largely circumpolar distribution, it is likely to be at risk from the impacts of anthropogenic climate change. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists habitat alteration and habitat shift as possible threats related to climate change.[13]
See also
Cetaceans portaliconMammals portalMarine life portal
List of cetaceans
References
Pitman, R.L.; Brownell Jr.; R.L. (2020). "Mesoplodon layardii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13249A50366790. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13249A50366790.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Jefferson, Thomas; Webber, Marc A.; Pitman, Robert L. (2008). Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification. London: Academic.
Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P. & Powell, J. (2002). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: A.A. Knopf. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-375-41141-0.
Pitman, RL; Totterdell, J; Wellard, R; Cullen, P; De Boer, M (2019). "Long in the tooth: Biological observations from at-sea sightings of strap-toothed beaked whales (Mesoplodon layardii)". Marine Mammal Science. 35 (3): 1141–1161. Bibcode:2019MMamS..35.1141P. doi:10.1111/mms.12575. S2CID 91325604.
Best, P (2007). Whales and dolphins of the southern African subregion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sekiguchi, K (July 1996). "The diet of strap-toothed whales (Mesoplodon layardii)". Journal of Zoology. 239 (3): 453–463. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05935.x.
Best, P (2007). Whales and dolphins of the southern African subregion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rice, DW (1998). Wartzok, D (ed.). "Marine Mammals of the World: systematics and distribution" (PDF). Special Publication No. 4. Lawrence, Kansas: Society for Marine Mammalogy; Allen Press, Inc.
Pinedo, MC; Barreto, AS; Lammardo, MP; Andrade, ALV; Geracitano, L (2002). "Northernmost records of the spectacled porpoise, Layard's beaked whale, Commerson's dolphin and Peale's dolphin in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean". Aquatic Mammals. 28 (1): 32–37.
Maia-Nogueira, R; Nunes, JAC (2005). "Record of Layard's beaked whale, Mesoplodon layardii (Gray,1856), in northeastern Brazil". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. 4 (2): 137–139. doi:10.5597/lajam00082.
Chit, AM; Smith, BD; Tun, MT (2012). "An extreme extra-limital record of a strap-toothed beaked whale (Mesoplodon layardii)". Marine Biodiversity Records. 5 (e5): 1–3. doi:10.1017/S1755267211001060.
Taylor, B.L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S.M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J.G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P. & Pitman, R.L. (2008). "Mesoplodon layardii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T13249A3429897. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T13249A3429897.en.
Pitman, R (2009). "Mesoplodont whales". In Perrin, WF; Würsig, B; Thewissen, JGM (eds.). Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd Ed. Academic Press. pp. 721–726. ISBN 9780128043813.
Best, P (2007). Whales and dolphins of the southern African subregion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Heyning, JE (1984). "Functional morphology involved in intraspecific fighting of the beaked whale, Mesoplodon carlhubbsi". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 62 (8): 1645–1654. doi:10.1139/z84-239.
Culik, B (2011). Perrin (ed.). Odontocetes- The Toothed Whales-CMS Technical Series No.24. Joint Secretariat of the Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals and the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (UNEP/CMS/ASCOBANS). ISBN 978-3-937429-92-2.
Carwardine, M (1995). Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. London: Darling Kindersley.
Wellard, R; Lightbody, K; Fouda, L; Blewitt, M; Riggs, D; Erbe, C (2016). "Killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation on beaked whales (Mesoplodon spp.) in the Bremer Sub-Basin, Western Australia". PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0166670. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166670. PMC 5140045. PMID 27923044.
Sekiguchi, K (July 1996). "The diet of strap-toothed whales (Mesoplodon layardii)". Journal of Zoology. 239 (3): 453–463. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05935.x.
Pitman, R (2002). "Mesoplodont whales". In Perrin, WF; Wursig, B; Thewissen, JGM (eds.). Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 1st Ed. Academic Press. pp. 738–742.
Pitman, R (2009). "Mesoplodont whales". In Perrin, WF; Wursig, B; Thewissen, JGM (eds.). Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd Ed. Academic Press. pp. 721–726. ISBN 9780128043813.
Rommel, SA; Costidis, AM; Fernández, A; Jepson, PD; Pabst, DA; McLellan, WA; Houser, DS; Cranford, TW; van Helden, AL; Allan, DM; Barros, NB (2006). "Elements of beaked whale anatomy and diving physiology and some hypothetical causes of sonar-related stranding". Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 7 (3): 189–209. Bibcode:2019MMamS..35.1141P. doi:10.1111/mms.12575. S2CID 91325604.
Filadelfo, R; Mintz, J; Michlovich, E; D’Amico, A; Tyack, PL; Ketten (2009). "Correlating Military Sonar Use with Beaked Whale Mass Strandings: What Do the Historical Data Show?". Aquatic Mammals. 35 (4): 435–444. doi:10.1578/AM.35.4.2009.435.
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