Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Subordo: Cynodontia
Infraordo: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Subordo: Ruminantia
Familia: Bovidae
Subfamilia: Bovinae
Genus: Bubalus
Species: †Bubalus mephistopheles
Name
Bubalus mephistopheles A.T. Hopwood, 1925
References
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
中文: 兕、聖水牛
Bubalus mephistopheles, also known as the short-horned water buffalo, is an extinct species of bovine that lived in China during the Pleistocene and Holocene. It survived into historic times, perhaps as recently as 1200 BC.
Description
The short-horned water buffalo was first described in 1925. It is distinguished by its short, extremely triangular horn cores, which are crescent-shaped and gently curve inwards.[1] The short-horned water buffalo is known with certainty to have disappeared during the Holocene. Although no direct radiometric dates are available, this species is present in a series of well-dated Neolithic and Bronze Age zooarchaeological deposits across southern, central and eastern China (from Yunnan to northern Henan).[2]
Domestication status
For many years since its description, the short-horned buffalo was considered a domesticated form of buffalo indigenous to China that played an integral part in the development of paddy rice cultivation in Neolithic and Bronze Age times. However such notions were challenged in the 2000s.
In 2004, fossils of the short-horned water buffalo from several Neolithic assemblages in China were compared with remains of domestic buffalo/cattle Dholavira, an urban site of the Harappan civilization in South Asia dated to between 2600 - 1900 BC. At Dholavira, the ages of the bovines were categorized into six age-stages, ranging from infant (stage I) to adult (stage VI). Almost all the young bovines survived through stages I-III, but some were killed off before growth slowed down in stage IV and the rest mostly survived into full adulthood (stages V-VI). This pattern is consistent with the use of domestic animals for ploughing, hauling, and transport. In contrast, the three Neolithic assemblages from China all had large proportions of very young calves and some very old individuals, which most likely represents a pattern of hunting wild populations. Furthermore, wild and domestic buffaloes show a significant difference in body size, with wild buffaloes being much larger than domesticated ones. But a comparison from four different sites dated to 6000 - 1200 BC showed no reduction of body size in the B. mephistopheles populations during this period.[3]
A 2008 study on the DNA sequences of B. mephistopheles showed that it was not a direct ancestor of domestic buffalo, although it was closely related.[4] Domestic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) were introduced into China from South Asia, most likely around the first millennium.
References
Hopwood, A.T. (1925). "A new species of buffalo from the Pleistocene of China". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 16 (92): 238–239. doi:10.1080/00222932508633297.
Turvey, S.T.; Haowen, T.; Stuart, A.J.; Lister, A.M (September 2013). "Holocene survival of Late Pleistocene megafauna in China: a critical review of the evidence". Quaternary Science Reviews. 76: 156–166. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.030.
Li, Liu; Xingcan, Chen; Leping, Jiang (2004). "A study of Neolithic water buffalo remains from Zhejiang, China". Indo-pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin. 24 (2): 113–120.
Li, L.; Dongya, Y.; Chen, X.; Speller, C.M. (2008). "Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (10): 2778–2785. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.05.010.
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