Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Psittaciformes
Familia: Psittacidae
Subfamilia: Arinae
Tribus: Arini
Genus: Rhynchopsitta
Species: R. pachyrhyncha - R. terrisi
Name
Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte, 1854
References
Rev.Mag.Zool.(2) 6 p.149
Vernacular names
English: Thick-billed parrots
The thick-billed parrots are stocky brilliant green Neotropical parrots with heavy black beaks of genus Rhynchopsitta of thick billed macaw-like parrots. The genus comprises two extant species, the thick-billed parrot and the maroon-fronted parrot, as well as an extinct species from the Late Pleistocene in Mexico. The two extant taxa were formerly considered conspecific; they have become rare and are restricted to a few small areas in northern Mexico. The range of the thick-billed parrot formerly extended into the southwestern United States; attempts at reintroduction have been unsuccessful so far.
Description
The two living species have a similar overall appearance, the principal differences lying in their relative sizes and brightness of coloration. Both are mainly green, with red or maroon markings on the forehead, forecrown, broad superciliary stripe, and feathers on the bend of the wing, the carpal edge and the thighs. Their eye-rings are yellow, with the feet and beak dark gray to black. Juveniles have a pale beak fading to gray at the base,[1] whitish eye-rings, and a red brow, but lack the dark red stripes over the eye-rings. The maroon-fronted parrot is generally dark green with maroon-brown head markings and is between 40 cm (16 in) and 45 cm (18 in) in length while the thick-billed parrot is about 38 cm (15 in) long with brighter colors.[2][3][4]
Taxonomy
The genus was described by French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte; the name is derived from the Ancient Greek terms rhynchos "beak", and psitta "parrot". The two extant taxa were considered subspecies of a single species,[4] before being split.[5]
Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte, 1854
Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson, 1827) (thick-billed parrot)
Rhynchopsitta terrisi Moore, 1947 (maroon-fronted parrot)
†Rhynchopsitta phillipsi Rea, 1997 - extinct
Rhynchopsitta phillipsi, a larger prehistoric relative, was described from Late Pleistocene fossils found in Nuevo León, Mexico.[6] It was not an ancestor to the living species, as bones of them were also found at San Josecito Cave when R. phillipsi's remains were recovered. The prehistoric species had a distinct bill shape and may have occurred sympatrically with the maroon-fronted parrot in the northern Sierra Madre Oriental.[7] Possibly its bill was adapted to feeding on a species of pine which disappeared due to climate change at the end of the last ice age, driving it to extinction.
Ecology
Both extant species are found at heights of between 1500 and 3000 m asl in Mexico in isolated island-like forest habitats in the Sierra Madre,[4][8] and are sometimes called snow parrots because of their high-altitude habitat.[9] They show seasonal migration patterns,[4][9] generally breeding in the northern parts of their range and overwintering in the southern.[2][3][10] The thick-billed parrot nests in tree cavities,[2][8] while the maroon-fronted parrot is a cliff cavity breeder.[3][8] The parrots roost at night in large flocks, while they forage during the day in smaller flocks over a large area.[4] They feed primarily on pine seeds, which they extract by systematically stripping the cones from the base to the top.[4][9] They also eat other seeds such as acorns, as well as softer foods such as fruits, bark, nectar, other vegetable matter, and insects.[4][9]
Status
Both the thick-billed and the maroon-fronted parrot are classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They are listed on CITES Appendix I, trade forbidden except for legitimate conservation, scientific or educational purposes. They are also protected under Mexican General Wildlife Law (2008), import and export prohibited. The populations of both species have declined primarily due to habitat degradation, and now both are restricted to a few small areas in the mountains of northern Mexico.[11][12] The range of the thick-billed parrot formerly extended into Arizona and New Mexico, and attempts are being made to breed the species in captivity for release into the wild in their former range their.[10][12] An earlier attempt in the 1980s and 1990s to reintroduce thick-billed parrots to Arizona failed because the captive-bred birds had not learned to avoid their natural and human predators,[13] but new plans for the reintroduction of this species include the use of wild-caught individuals.[14]
Species
| Species | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Common and binomial names[5] | Image | Description | Range |
| Thick-billed parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) |
 |
A mostly green medium-sized parrot, 38 cm (15 in) long. Adults have a large black bill. a red brow, amber irises, red at the bend of the wings, and red thighs. Juveniles have brown irises and a pale peak. The under-wings and tail appear blackish.[2] | Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico (and reintroduced to the U.S.)[12] |
| Maroon-fronted parrot (Rhynchopsitta terrisi) |
 |
A large mostly green parrot about 40 cm (16 in) to 45 cm (18 in) long. The adults have a dark maroon brow which extends over the rim of bare yellow skin that surrounds the eyes. They have a brighter red at the bend of the wing. The tail is long and pointed. The underside of the wings are blackish.[3] | Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico[11] |
| †Rhynchopsitta phillipsi | Large parrot with a distinct bill shape | Late Pleistocene fossils of the extinct parrot have been found in Mexico. | |
References
Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. plate 74. ISBN 0-691-09251-6.
Thick-billed Parrot - BirdLife Species Factsheet
Maroon-fronted Parrot - BirdLife Species Factsheet.
Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) [1973, 1978]. Parrots of the World (corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London. ISBN 0-7153-7698-5.
"Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.020)". www.zoonomen.net. 2009-03-01.
Rea, A.M. (1997). The indeterminate parrot of Nuevo Leon. The era of Alan R. Phillips: A festschrift. Albuquerque, NM: Horizon. pp. 167–176.
Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Johnson, Eileen (2003). "Catálogo de los ejemplares tipo procedentes de la Cueva de San Josecito, Nuevo León, México" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 20 (1): 79–93.
Enkerlin-Hoeflich, Ernesto C.; Noel F.R. Snyder; James W. Wiley (2006). Andrew U. Luescher (ed.). Behavior of Wild Amazona and Rhynchopsitta Parrots with Comparative Insights from Other Psittacines. Manual of Parrot Behavior. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8138-2749-0.
"Birds: Thick-billed Parrot". San Diego Zoo's Animals Bytes. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
Snyder, N. F.; E. C. Enkerlin-Hoeflich; M. A. Cruz-Nieto (1999). A. Poole (ed.). "Thick-billed Parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
BirdLife International (2020). "Rhynchopsitta terrisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22685772A179400190. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22685772A179400190.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
BirdLife International (2017). "Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22685766A110475642. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22685766A110475642.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"New reserve offers hope for reintroduction of Thick-billed Parrots to the US". Birdwatch. Solo Publishing Ltd. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
Guerra, Jaime E.; Javier Cruz-Nieto; Sonia Gabriela Ortiz-Maciel; Timothy F. Wright (2008). "Limited geographic variation in the vocalizations of the endangered Thick-billed Parrot: Implications for conservation strategies". The Condor. 110 (4): 639–647. doi:10.1525/cond.2008.8609. PMC 3270582. PMID 22307993
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