Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Fringillidae
Subfamilia: Carduelinae
Genus: Carpodacus
Species: C. davidianus – C. dubius – C. edwardsii – C. erythrinus – †C. ferreorostris – C. formosanus – C. grandis – C. pulcherrimus – C. puniceus – C. rhodochlamys – C. roborowskii – C. rodochroa – C. rodopeplus – C. roseus – C. rubicilla – C. rubicilloides – C. sibiricus – C. sillemi – C. sipahi – C. stoliczkae – C. synoicus – C. thura – C. trifasciatus – C. subhimachalus – C. verreauxii – C. vinaceus – C. waltoni
Species formerly included in Carpodacus: C. cassinii - C. mexicanus - C. nipalensis - C. purpureus - C. rubescens
Name
Carpodacus Kaup, 1829
Type species: Fringilla rosea Pallas, 1776 = Carpodacus roseus
Synonyms
Chaunoproctus Bonaparte, 1850
Erythrina Brehm, 1829
Haematospiza Blyth, 1845
Kozlowia Bianchi, 1907
Uragus Keyserling & Blasius, 1840
References
Skizz. Entwick.-Gesch. Europ. Thierw. 1: 161.
Zuccon, D., Prŷs-Jones, R., Rasmussen, P.C., & Ericson, P.G.P. 2012. The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (2): 581–596. Full text (PDF). DOI: .1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002 Reference page.
IOC
Vernacular names
беларуская: Сачыўкі
English: Rosefinch
suomi: Punavarpuset
日本語: マシコ属
македонски: Руменка
Türkçe: Çütre
The rosefinches are a genus, Carpodacus, of passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae. Most are called "rosefinches" and as the word implies, have various shades of red in their plumage. The common rosefinch is frequently called the "rosefinch". The genus name is from Ancient Greek karpos, "fruit" and dakno, "to bite".[1]
The Carpodacus rosefinches occur throughout Eurasia, but the greatest diversity is found in the Sino-Himalayas suggesting that the species originated in this region.[2]
Systematics
In 2012, Zuccon and colleagues published a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of the finch family. Based both on their own results and those published earlier by other groups, they proposed a series of changes to the taxonomy.[3] They found that the three North American rosefinches, namely Cassin's finch, purple finch, and house finch, formed a separate clade that was not closely related to the Palearctic rosefinches. They proposed moving the three species to a separate genus Haemorhous.[3] This proposal was accepted by the International Ornithological Committee and the American Ornithologists' Union.[4][5] Zuccon and colleagues also found that the common rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus) fell outside the core rosefinch clade and was a sister to the scarlet finch (at the time Haematospiza sipahi). They recommended that the common rosefinch should be moved to a new monotypic genus with the resurrected name of Erythrina. The British Ornithologists' Union accepted this proposal,[6] but the International Ornithological Union chose instead to adopt a more inclusive Carpodacus which incorporated Haematospiza as well as the monotypic genus Chaunoproctus containing the extinct Bonin grosbeak. The long-tailed rosefinch that had previously been included in the monotypic genus Uragus was also moved into Carpodacus.[4]
Two species that were formerly included in the genus, Blanford's rosefinch and the dark-breasted rosefinch, were shown to not be closely related to the other species in the group. They were moved to separate monotypic genera, Blanford's rosefinch to Agraphospiza and the dark-breasted rosefinch to Procarduelis.[3][4]
Sillem's mountain finch was originally assigned to the genus Leucosticte but a phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2016 found that the species belonged to the genus Carpodacus.[7]
There have been a number of rosefinch radiations. First to split off were the ancestors of the North American species, the common rosefinch, and the scarlet finch, generally placed in its own genus. These groups, which may be related, diverged in the Middle Miocene (about 14–12 mya) from the proto-rosefinches. Each of these groups probably should constitute a distinct genus; in the case of the North American species, this is Haemorhous. The types of the genera Erythrina Brehm 1829 and Carpodacus Kaup 1829 are frequently considered to be the common rosefinch, but both refer to Pallas's rosefinch.[8]
Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Hawaiian honeycreepers are closely related to the rosefinches in the genus Carpodacus.[3][9] The most recent common ancestor has been variously estimate at 7.24 million years ago (mya)[9] and 15.71 mya.[2]
Przewalski's "rosefinch" (Urocynchramus pylzowi) has been determined to be not a rosefinch, and indeed not a true finch at all, but to constitute a monotypic family Urocynchramidae.[10]
Species
The genus Carpodacus contains 27 species. They all include 'rosefinch' in their English names apart from the scarlet finch, the crimson-browed finch, Sillem's mountain finch and the extinct Bonin grosbeak.[4]
| Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Common rosefinch | Carpodacus erythrinus | Asia and Europe. |
 |
Scarlet finch | Carpodacus sipahi | the Himalayas from Uttarakhand state in the Indian Himalayas eastwards across Nepal, stretching further east to the adjacent hills of Northeast India and Southeast Asia as far south as Thailand. |
| †Bonin grosbeak | Carpodacus ferreorostris (extinct) | Chichi-jima in the Ogasawara Islands. | |
 |
Streaked rosefinch | Carpodacus rubicilloides | Bhutan, China, India, and Nepal. |
 |
Great rosefinch | Carpodacus rubicilla | Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan and east to China |
| Blyth's rosefinch | Carpodacus grandis | northern Afghanistan to the western Himalayas. | |
 |
Red-mantled rosefinch | Carpodacus rhodochlamys | in Afghanistan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, and Tajikistan. |
 |
Himalayan beautiful rosefinch | Carpodacus pulcherrimus | mid-western China and the northern Himalayas. |
| Chinese beautiful rosefinch | Carpodacus davidianus | China | |
| Pink-rumped rosefinch | Carpodacus waltoni | central China and eastern Tibet | |
 |
Pink-browed rosefinch | Carpodacus rhodochroa | Bhutan, Tibet, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. |
 |
Dark-rumped rosefinch | Carpodacus edwardsii | Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. |
| Spot-winged rosefinch | Carpodacus rhodopeplus | India and Nepal | |
| Sharpe's rosefinch | Carpodacus verreauxii | central China and far northern Myanmar. | |
 |
Vinaceous rosefinch | Carpodacus vinaceus | Nepal, China and far northern Myanmar. |
 |
Taiwan rosefinch | Carpodacus formosanus | Taiwan |
 |
Sinai rosefinch | Carpodacus synoicus | Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. |
| Pale rosefinch | Carpodacus stoliczkae | Afghanistan and China | |
| Tibetan rosefinch | Carpodacus roborowskii | Xinjiang Autonomous Region. | |
| Sillem's mountain finch | Carpodacus sillemi | China, Japan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, and Russia. | |
 |
Long-tailed rosefinch | Carpodacus sibiricus | China, Japan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. |
 |
Pallas's rosefinch | Carpodacus roseus | China, Japan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. |
| Three-banded rosefinch | Carpodacus trifasciatus | central China and far northeastern India. | |
 |
Himalayan white-browed rosefinch | Carpodacus thura | Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. |
 |
Chinese white-browed rosefinch | Carpodacus dubius | central China and eastern Tibet. |
| Red-fronted rosefinch | Carpodacus puniceus | Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan | |
 |
Crimson-browed finch | Carpodacus subhimachalus | Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. |
References
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Tietze, D.T.; Päckert, M.; Martens, J.; Lehmann, H.; Sun, Y.-H. (2013). "Complete phylogeny and historical biogeography of true rosefinches (Aves: Carpodacus)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169: 215–234. doi:10.1111/zoj.12057.
Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.4. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
Chesser, R. Terry; Banks, Richard C.; Barker, F. Keith (2012). "Fifty-third Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds" (PDF). The Auk. 129 (3): 573–588. doi:10.1525/auk.2012.129.3.573. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
Sangster, George; Collinson, J. Martin; Crochet, Pierre-André; Knox, Alan G.; Parkin, David T.; Votier, Stephen C. (2013). "Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: ninth report". Ibis. 155 (4): 898–907. doi:10.1111/ibi.12091.
Sangster, G.; Roselaar, C.S.; Irestedt, M.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2016). "Sillem's Mountain Finch Leucosticte sillemi is a valid species of rosefinch (Carpodacus, Fringillidae)". Ibis. 158: 184–189. doi:10.1111/ibi.12323.
Banks, Richard C.; Browning, M. Ralph (July 1995). "Comments on the Status of Revived Old Names for Some North American Birds" (PDF). The Auk. 112 (3): 633–648. JSTOR 4088679.
Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011). "Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. PMID 22018543.
Groth, J. G. (2000). "Molecular evidence for the systematic position of Urocynchramus pylzowi" (PDF). Auk. 117 (3): 787–792. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0787:MEFTSP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0004-8038.
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