Asio flammeus

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Strigiformes

Familia: Strigidae
Subfamilia: Asioninae
Genus: Asio
Species: Asio flammeus
Subspecies: A. f. bogotensis – A. f. cubensis – A. f. domingensis – A. f. flammeus – A. f. galapagoensis – A. f. pallidicaudus – A. f. ponapensis – A. f. portoricensis – A. f. sandwichensis – A. f. sanfordi – A. f. suinda
Name

Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763)
Synonyms

Strix flammea (protonym)

References

Den danske atlas eller konge-riget Dannemark 1: 617, pl.25.

Vernacular names
العربية: البومة قصيرة الأذن
asturianu: Curuxa Mariñana
Aymar aru: Juku
azərbaycanca: Bataqlıq bayquşu
беларуская: Сава балотная
български: Блатна сова
brezhoneg: Toud-lann
català: Mussol emigrant
corsu: Ciocciu
čeština: Kalous pustovka
чӑвашла: Шурлăх тăмани
Cymraeg: Tylluan glustiog
dansk: Mosehornugle
Deutsch: Sumpfohreule
dolnoserbski: Šubut
Ελληνικά: Βαλτόμπουφος
emiliàn e rumagnòl: Gòff
English: Short-eared Owl
Esperanto: Marĉa orelstrigo
español: Búho campestre
eesti: Sooräts
euskara: Zingira-hontz
فارسی: جغد تالابی
suomi: Suopöllö
føroyskt: Uglubóndi
Nordfriisk: Kadüül
français: Hibou des marais
furlan: Dűc
Frysk: Fjildûle
Gaeilge: Ulchabhán Réisc
Gàidhlig: Comhachag chluassach
galego: Curuxa das xunqueiras
Avañe'ẽ: Suinda ñu
Gaelg: Hullad ghiare-chleayshagh
Hawaiʻi: Pueo
עברית: ינשוף שדות
hrvatski: Sova močvarica
hornjoserbsce: Pujwuj
Kreyòl ayisyen: Lechuza de Sabana
magyar: Réti fülesbagoly
հայերեն: Ճահճային բու
Bahasa Indonesia: Burung-hantu Telinga-pendek
íslenska: Brandugla
italiano: Gufo di palude
日本語: コミミズク
ქართული: ბაიყუში
қазақша: Саз жапалақ
한국어: 쇠부엉이
kurdî: Kundê goran
kernowek: Oula bras
Lëtzebuergesch: Broocheil
lkt: Hiŋháŋ ɡ̌í
lietuvių: Balinė pelėda
latviešu: Purva pūce
македонски: Блатна утка
മലയാളം: പൂച്ച മൂങ്ങ
монгол: Хулгар гуйванга
Bahasa Melayu: Burung hantu telinga pendek
Malti: Kokka tax-Xagħri
Nedersaksies: Esoele
Plattdüütsch: Moorule
नेपाली: लघुकर्ण लाटोकोसेरो
Nederlands: Velduil
norsk nynorsk: Jordugle
norsk: Jordugle
occitan: Ducàs
polski: Sowa błotna
Piemontèis: Cioch
پنجابی: چٹی سٹارک
português do Brasil: Mocho-dos-banhados
português: Coruja-do-nabal
romani čhib: Bufniţă
rumantsch: Piv da palì
română: Ciuf de câmp
русский: Болотная сова
саха тыла: Түлүрбэх
Scots: Hill oul
davvisámegiella: Loađgu
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Sova močvarica
slovenčina: Myšiarka močiarna
slovenščina: Močvirska uharica
shqip: Bufi veshëshkurtër
српски / srpski: Ritska sova - Ритска сова
Seeltersk: Katuule
svenska: Jorduggla
Kiswahili: Bundi masikio-mafupi
தமிழ்: Komban kottaan
ไทย: นกเค้าแมวหูสั้น
Türkmençe: Hüwi
Türkçe: Kır baykuşu
українська: Сова болотяна
Tiếng Việt: Cú lửa
West-Vlams: Ooruil
walon: Duk di bwès
中文: 短耳鴞

The short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) is a widespread grassland species in the family Strigidae. Owls belonging to genus Asio are known as the eared owls, as they have tufts of feathers resembling mammalian ears. These "ear" tufts may or may not be visible. The short-eared owl will display its tufts when in a defensive pose, although its very short tufts are usually not visible. The short-eared owl is found in open country and grasslands.

Taxonomy

The short-eared owl was formally described in 1763 by the Lutheran bishop Erik Pontoppidan under the binomial name Strix flammea.[3] The specific epithet is from the Latin flammeus meaning "flammulated" or "flame-coloured".[4] This owl is now placed with seven other species in the genus Asio that was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[5][6]

Eleven subspecies are recognised:[6]

A. f. flammeus – (Pontoppidan, 1763): the nominate subspecies, found in North America, Europe, North Africa and northern Asia
A. f. cubensis – Garrido, 2007: found in Cuba
A. f. domingensis – (Statius Müller, 1776): found on Hispaniola
A. f. portoricensis – Ridgway, 1882: found in Puerto Rico
A. f. bogotensis – Chapman, 1915: found in Colombia, Ecuador and northwestern Peru
A. f. galapagoensis – (Gould, 1837): found on the Galápagos Islands[7]
A. f. pallidicaudus – Friedmann, 1949: found in Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname
A. f. suinda – (Vieillot, 1817): found from southern Peru and southern Brazil to Tierra del Fuego
A. f. sanfordi – Bangs, 1919: found on the Falkland Islands
A. f. sandwichensis – (A. Bloxam, 1827): Pueo or Hawaiian short-eared owl - found on the Hawaiian Islands[8]
A. f. ponapensis – Mayr, 1933: found on eastern Caroline Island

Description

The short-eared owl is a medium-sized owl measuring 34–43 cm (13–17 in) in length and weighing 206–475 g (7.3–16.8 oz).[9] It has large eyes, a big head, a short neck, and broad wings. Its bill is short, strong, hooked and black. Its plumage is mottled tawny to brown with a barred tail and wings. The upper breast is significantly streaked.[10] Its flight is characteristically floppy due to its irregular wingbeats. The short-eared owl may also be described as "moth or bat-like" in flight.[11] Wingspans range from 85 to 110 cm (33 to 43 in).[12] Females are slightly larger than males. The yellow-orange eyes of A. flammeus are exaggerated by black rings encircling each eye, giving the appearance of them wearing mascara, and large, whitish disks of plumage surrounding the eyes like a mask.
Calls

Short-eared owls have a scratchy bark-like call. Raspy waowk, waowk, waowk or toot-toot-toot-toot-toot sounds are common. A loud eeee-yerp is also heard on breeding grounds. However, short-eared owls are silent on the wintering grounds.[10]
Separation from the long-eared owl

Through much of its range, short-eared owls occurs with the similar-looking long-eared owl. At rest, the ear-tufts of the long-eared owl serve to easily distinguish the two (although long-eared owls can sometimes hold their ear-tufts flat). The iris-colour differs: yellow in the short-eared, and orange in the long-eared, and the black surrounding the eyes is vertical on the long-eared, and horizontal on the short-eared. Overall the short-eared tends to be a paler, sandier bird than the long-eared. There are a number of other ways in which the two species the differ which are best seen when they are flying: a) the short-eared often has a broad white band along the rear edge of the wing, which is not shown by the long-eared; b) on the upperwing, short-eared owls' primary-patches are usually paler and more obvious; c) the band on the upper side of the short-eared owl's tail are usually bolder than those of the long-eared; d) the short-eared's innermost secondaries are often dark-marked, contrasting with the rest of the underwing; e) the long-eared owl has streaking throughout its underparts, whereas on the short-eared the streaking ends at the breast; f) the dark markings on the underside of the tips of the longest primaries are bolder on the short-eared owl; g) the upper parts are coarsely blotched, whereas on the long-eared they are more finely marked. The short-eared owl also differs structurally from the long-eared, having longer, slimmer wings: the long-eared owl has wings shaped more like those of a tawny owl.[13] The long-eared owl generally has different habitat preferences from the short-eared, most often being found concealed in areas with dense wooded thickets. The short-eared owl is often most regularly seen flying about in early morning or late day as it hunts over open habitats.

Distribution and habitat
Short Eared Owl in its habitat. Notice how it chooses short shady trees to roost under, in a grassland/ desert habitat.

The short-eared owl occurs on all continents except Antarctica and Australia; thus it has one of the most widespread distributions of any bird. A. flammeus breeds in Europe, Asia, North and South America, the Caribbean, Hawaii and the Galápagos Islands. It is partially migratory, moving south in winter from the northern parts of its range. The short-eared owl is known to relocate to areas of higher rodent populations.[14] It will also wander nomadically in search of better food supplies during years when vole populations are low. (See a map of the short-eared owl's distribution across the New World.)
Full list of countries where Asio flammeus is found[1]
Native:

Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Argentina; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Bolivia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada; Cayman Islands; Chile; China; Colombia; Croatia; Cuba; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt; Eritrea; Estonia; Ethiopia; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Faroe Islands; Federated States of Micronesia; Finland; France; French Guiana; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Guam; Guatemala; Guinea; Guyana; Haiti; Hungary; Iceland; India; Iran, Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea (North Korea, South Korea); Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Laos; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Maldives; Mali; Malta; Marshall Islands; Mauritania; Mexico; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Myanmar; Nepal; Netherlands; North Macedonia; Northern Mariana Islands; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian territories; Paraguay; Peru; Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Romania; Russian Federation; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Spain; Sudan; Suriname; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria; Taiwan; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States (Present In All 50 States); Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Venezuela; Vietnam; British Virgin Islands; Yemen
Vagrant:
Belize; Bermuda; Bhutan; Brunei Darussalam; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Chad; Costa Rica; Gibraltar; Greenland; Hong Kong; Kenya; Liberia; Liechtenstein; Malaysia; Niger; Philippines; Qatar; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Thailand; Trinidad and Tobago; Uganda; U.S. Virgin Islands
Behaviour
Breeding
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
Juvenile short-eared owl in Germany

Sexual maturity is attained at one year. Breeding season in the northern hemisphere lasts from March to June, peaking in April. During this time these owls may gather in flocks. During breeding season, the males make great spectacles of themselves in flight to attract females. The male swoops down over the nest flapping its wings in a courtship display.[14] These owls are generally monogamous.

The short-eared owl nests on the ground in prairie, tundra, savanna, or meadow habitats. Nests are concealed by low vegetation, and may be lightly lined by weeds, grass, or feathers.[14] Approximately 4 to 7 white eggs are found in a typical clutch, but clutch size can reach up to a dozen eggs in years when voles are abundant. There is one brood per year. The eggs are incubated mostly by the female for 21–37 days. Offspring fledge at a little over four weeks. This owl is known to lure predators away from its nest by appearing to have a crippled wing.[10]
Food and feeding

Hunting occurs mostly at night, but this owl is known to be diurnal and crepuscular as well. Its daylight hunting seems to coincide with the high-activity periods of voles, its preferred prey.[15] It tends to fly only feet above the ground in open fields and grasslands until swooping down upon its prey feet-first.[10] Several owls may hunt over the same open area.[16] Its food consists mainly of rodents, especially voles, but it will eat other small mammals such as mice, ground squirrels, shrews, rats, bats, muskrats and moles. It will also occasionally predate smaller birds, especially when near sea-coasts and adjacent wetlands at which time they attack shorebirds, terns and small gulls and seabirds with semi-regularity. Avian prey is more infrequently preyed on inland and centers on passerines such as larks, icterids, starlings, tyrant flycatchers and pipits. Insects supplement the diet and short-eared owls may prey on roaches, grasshoppers, beetles, katydids and caterpillars. Competition can be fierce in North America with the northern harrier, with which the owl shares similar habitat and prey preferences. Both species will readily harass the other when prey is caught.[17]

Because of the high pH in the stomach of owls they have a reduced ability to digest bone and other hard parts, they eject pellets containing the remains of their prey.[18]
Conservation status
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It is listed as declining in the southern portion of its US range. It is common in the northern portion of its breeding range.[9]

It is listed as endangered in New Mexico. Its appearance at the Calverton Executive Airpark on Long Island has prompted the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation to take the lead on ruling whether a massive redevelopment of the airport will receive the necessary environmental permits.[9]
References

BirdLife International (2021). "Asio flammeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22689531A202226582. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689531A202226582.en. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Pontoppidan, Erik (1763). Den danske atlas eller konge-riget Dannemark (in Danish). Vol. Tomus 1. Copenhagen: Godiche. p. 617, Plate 25.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 28.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Owls". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
Kricher, John C. (2006). Galápagos: A Natural History. Princeton University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-691-12633-3.
"Pueo or Hawaiian Short-eared Owl" (PDF). Hawaii’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. State of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife. 1 October 2005. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
"Short-eared Owl". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Alsop, Fred J. (2001). Birds of North America: Eastern Region. New York, NY: DK Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0789471567.
"Short-eared Owl Fact Sheet". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
Doan, N. (1999). "Asio flammeus" (On-line)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
Harris, Alan; Tucker, Laurel; Vinicombe, Keith (1989). The MacMillan Field Guide to Bird Identification. pp. 147–149. ISBN 978-0333589403(reference covers whole paragraph)
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birder's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Inc.
Reynolds, Peter; Gorman, Martyn L. (28 February 2006). "The timing of hunting in short-eared owls (Asio flammeus) in relation to the activity patterns of Orkney voles (Microtus arvalis orcadensis)". Journal of Zoology. London: Blackwell Publishing. 247 (3): 371–79. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01000.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
Kaufman, Kenn (2000). Kaufman Field Guide to Birds of North America. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Co.
"Short-eared Owl - Asio Flammeus". The Owl Pages.

Smiddy, P. (2013). "The characteristics of Irish Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) pellets". Ir. Nat. J. 33: 8–13.

Identification
Davis, A.H.; Prytherch, R.J. (1976). "Field identification of Long-eared and Short-eared Owls". British Birds. 69: 281–287.
Kemp, J.B. (1982). "Field identification of Long-eared and Short-eared Owls". British Birds. 75 (5): 227.
Robertson, Iain S. (1982). "Field identification of Long-eared and Short-eared Owls". British Birds. 75 (5): 227–229.
Kemp, J.B. (1982). "Tail-lengths of Long-eared and Short-eared Owls". British Birds. 75 (5): 230.