Kalotermitidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Supercohort: Polyneoptera
Cohort: Dictyoptera
Ordo: Isoptera

Familia: Kalotermitidae
Genera: Allotermes – Bicornitermes – Bifiditermes – Calcaritermes – Ceratokalotermes – Comatermes – Cryptotermes – Epicalotermes – Eucryptotermes – Glyptotermes – Incisitermes – Kalotermes – Lobitermes – Longicaputermes – Marginitermes – Neotermes – Paraneotermes – Postelectrotermes – Procryptotermes – Proneotermes – Pterotermes – Roisinitermes – Rugitermes – Tauritermes
Name

Kalotermitidae Enderlein, 1909

References

Template:Enderlein, 1909

Casalla, R., Scheffrahn, R.H. & Korb, J.K. 2016. Proneotermes macondianus, a new drywood termite from Colombia and expanded distribution of Proneotermes in the Neotropics (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). ZooKeys 623: 43–60. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.623.9677. Reference page.
Casalla, R., Scheffrahn, R.H. & Korb, J. 2021. Rugitermes ursulae (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae), a new drywood termite from the Caribbean coast of Colombia. ZooKeys 1057ː 23–36. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1057.65877 Open access Reference page.
Krishna, K. 1961: A generic revision and phylogenetic study of the family Kalotermitidae (Isoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 122: 303–408.
Onagbola, E.O. & Scheffrahn, R.H. 2017. African Neotermes: redescriptions of imago and soldier castes of N. aburiensis and N. agilis (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). ZooKeys 683: 25—37. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.683.13064. Reference page.
Scheffrahn, R.H. 2014. Incisitermes nishimurai, a new drywood termite species (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) from the highlands of Central America. Zootaxa 3878(5): 471–478. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3878.5.5 Reference page.
Scheffrahn, R.H. 2018. Neotermes costaseca: a new termite from the coastal desert of Peru and the redescription of N. chilensis (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Zookeys, 811: 81–90. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.811.30809 Reference page.
Scheffrahn, R.H., Bourguignon, T., Akama, P.D., Sillam-Dussès, D. & Šobotník, J. 2018. Roisinitermes ebogoensis gen. & sp. n., an outstanding drywood termite with snapping soldiers from Cameroon (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). ZooKeys 787: 91–105. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.787.28195 Reference page.
Scheffrahn, R.H. & Carrijo, T.F. 2020. Three new species of Rugitermes (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae) from Peru and Bolivia. ZooKeys, 1000: 31–44. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1000.59219 Open access Reference page.
Scheffrahn, R.H. & Florian, O.P.P. 2020. Rugitermes tinto: A new termite (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae) from the Andean region of Colombia. ZooKeys, 963: 37–44. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.963.55843 Open access Reference page.
Scheffrahn, R.H. & Křeček, J. 2017. Described from images: The remarkable soldier of Procryptotermes dioscurae Harris (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) from Socotra Island. Zootaxa 4365(5): 590–593. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4365.5.6 Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Scheffrahn, R.H. & Vasconcellos, A. 2020. Tauritermes bandeirai: A new drywood termite (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae) from the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest of Brazil. ZooKeys, 954: 75–84. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.954.52335 Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
latviešu: Sausā koka un mitrā koka termītu dzimta
中文: 木白蚁科

Kalotermitidae is a family of termites, commonly known as drywood termites. Kalotermitidae includes 21 genera and 419 species. The family has a cosmopolitan circumtropical distribution, and is found in functionally arid environments.

Biology

The Kalotermitidae are "primitive" in morphology, nesting behavior, and social organization. Unlike other termite species, they have no need to make contact with soil[1] and live exclusively within excavations in wood, lacking elaborate nesting architecture.[2]

Drywood termites have an adaptive mechanism for conserving water. Undigested matter in the alimentary canal passes through specialized rectal glands in the hindgut. These glands reabsorb water from the feces. They can tolerate dry conditions for long periods of time, receiving all of the moisture they need from the wood they live in and consume. Their mandibles are also fortified with zinc, as an adaptation to the mechanically difficult food source of dry wood.[3]

Their diet of dry wood makes many of them economic and urban pests, causing damage to furniture, utility towers, stored wood, and buildings. Kalotermitids' global distribution may be partially attributable to rafting and timber movement.[4] The species Cryptotermes brevis is particularly prevalent as a pest in the United States, and is found in Hawaii, Florida, and along the southeastern coast.
Reproduction

Like other termites, the Kalotermitidae are eusocial. However, their caste distinction is relatively flexible[2][5] and they lack a true worker caste; instead, pseudergates ("false workers")[6] serve as workers before developing into adult soldiers or alates. The appearance of immature workers in the Kalotermitidae is possible because of their hemimetabolous lifecycle; these immatures are "false" workers because, unlike in the holometabolous eusocial groups, no pupal stage clearly demarcates immaturity and adulthood, and their role as workers is temporary. Pseudergates can be differentiated from other categories of immatures by the absence of wing buds (which are already present in most hemimetabolous insects in their first instar) and are not necessarily the only constituent of the general work force in a kalotermitid colony.[5]

Alates fly during warm, sunny days, when temperatures range from 80 to 100 °F (27 to 38 °C). They emerge from exit holes in wood and take off in all directions. They exhibit phototropic behavior during dispersal flights, often aggregating at lights, with at least one species showing a preference for light with a wavelength between 460 and 550 nm.[7] After landing, they break off their wings which they do by holding their wingtips against a substrate and turning until the wing breaks off at the base. Dealates find a mate and engage in courtship activity.[8] King and Queen mate for life.
Systematics

The Kalotermitidae belong to the "lower termites", a now-defunct paraphyletic assemblage[5] which classifies termites based on the presence ("lower") or absence ("higher") of endosymbiotic gut flagellates in addition to bacteria.[9] The "lower" termites include all termite families except the Termitidae, which alone constitute the "higher" termites.[10] Recent phylogenetic studies have supported the Kalotermitidae as a monophyletic group.[9][11]

The Kalotermitidae have no recognized classification above genera,[4] the relationships between which are still largely unknown and poorly studied.[2] Limited molecular evidence supports the genus Kalotermes as a basal lineage within the family, so is one of the most anciently diversifying, as well as having two major branches, in which Kalotermes is sister to Ceratokalotermes. However, this partially contradicts older morphological phylogenies, and is the result of a study limited to eight genera.[2]
Genera

Allotermes
Bicornitermes
Bifiditermes
Calcaritermes
Ceratokalotermes
Comatermes
Cryptotermes
Epicalotermes
Eucryptotermes
Glyptotermes
Incisitermes
Kalotermes
Marginitermes
Neotermes
Paraneotermes
Postelectrotermes
Procryptotermes
Proneotermes
Pterotermes
Rugitermes
Tauritermes

References

Arnett, Ross H. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press. 2nd Edition.
Thompson, G. J.; Miller, L. R.; Lenz, M.; Crozier, R. H. (December 2000). "Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution in Australian lineages of drywood termites (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 17 (3): 419–429. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0852. PMID 11133196.
Nalepa, C. A. (August 2015). "Origin of termite eusociality: trophallaxis integrates the social, nutritional, and microbial environments". Ecological Entomology. 40 (4): 323–335. doi:10.1111/een.12197.
Abe T, Bignell DE, and Higashi M. 2000. Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Noiot C. 1985. Pathways of Caste Development in the Lower Termites in "Caste Determination in Social Insects."
"Termite Larvae Info"
Ferreira, M.T.; Borges, P.A.; Scheffrahn, R.H. (December 2012). "Attraction of alates of Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) to different light wavelengths in South Florida and the Azores". Journal of Economic Entomology. 105 (6): 2213–2215. doi:10.1603/EC12240. PMID 23356089.
Scheffrahn, R.H.; Su N. (1999). West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) (Insecta: Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) (Report). IFAS Extension. Vol. EENY079. University of Florida.
Inward DJ, Vogler AP, and Eggleton P. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology.
Korb, J.; Hartfelder, K. (August 2008). "Life history and development – a framework for understanding developmental plasticity in lower termites". Biological Reviews. 83 (3): 295–313. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00044.x. PMID 18979593.
Legendre, F; Whiting, MF; Bordereau, C; Cancello, EM; Evans, TA; Grandcolas, P (August 2008). "The phylogeny of termites (Dictyoptera: Isoptera) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers: Implications for the evolution of the worker and pseudergate castes, and foraging behaviors". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (2): 615–627. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.017. PMID 18502666.