Chrysomela lapponica

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Coleopterida
Ordo: Coleoptera
Subordo: Polyphaga
Infraordo: Cucujiformia
Cladus: Phytophaga
Superfamilia: Chrysomeloidea

Familia: Chrysomelidae
Subfamilia: Chrysomelinae
Tribus: Chrysomelini
Subtribus: Chrysomelina
Genus: Chrysomela
Species: Chrysomela lapponica
Name

Chrysomela lapponica Linnaeus, 1758
Synonymy

Chrysomela lapponica Linnaeus, 1758: 371
Chrysomela curvilinea DeGeer, 1775: 302
Chrysomela bulgharensis Fabricius, 1798: 88
Chrysomela quadripunctata Suffrian, 1858: 389
Melasoma lapponicum var. bimaculatum Gradl, 1881: 305
Melasoma lapponicum var. bipustulatum Gradl, 1881: 305
Melasoma lapponicum var. coeruleum Gradl, 1881: 306 [junior homonym]
Melasoma lapponicum var. marginatum Gradl, 1881: 306
Melasoma lapponicum var. quadrimaculatum Gradl, 1881: 305
Melasoma lapponicum var. quadrinotatum Gradl, 1881: 305
Melasoma lapponicum var. rubrocoeruleum Gradl, 1881: 305
Melasoma lapponicum var. sexmaculatum Gradl, 1881: 305
Melasoma lapponica var. altaica Weise, 1884: 557
Melasoma lapponica var. curvilinea: Weise, 1884: 557
Melasoma lapponica var. bulgharensis: Weise, 1884: 557
Lina lapponica var. litua Marseul, 1888: 13
Lina lapponica var. unicolor Marseul, 1888: 13
Lina lapponica var. bulgharensis: Marseul, 1888: 13
Melasoma lapponicum var. curvilineum: Jacobson, 1901a: 90
Melasoma lapponicum var. quadripustulatum Jacobson, 1901a: 90
Melasoma lapponicum var. lituum: Jacobson, 1901a: 90
Melasoma lapponicum var. altaicum: Jacobson, 1901a: 91
Melasoma lapponicum var. cruciatum Jacobson, 1901b: 133
Melasoma lapponicum var. multipunctatum Jacobson, 1901b: 133
Melasoma lapponicum var. quadripunctatum Jacobson, 1901b: 133 [junior homonym]
Melasoma lapponicum var. violaceipenne Jacobson, 1901b: 133
Melasoma lapponicum var. quadripunctata Lengerken, 1913: 124 [junior homonym]

References
Primary references

De Geer, C. 1775. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des Insectes. Tome cinquième. Pierre Hesselberg, Stockholm. vii + [1 (Errata)] + 448 pp., 16 pls. Gallica. Google booksOpen access. Reference page.
Fabricius, J.C. 1798. Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Supplementum. Proft et Storch, Hafniae, pp. 1–582. (BHL) + Index (BHL). Reference page.
Gradl, H. 1881. Aus der Fauna des Egerlands. Neue Beschreibungen von Insekten. Entomologische Nachrichten 7(20): 294–309. BHL. Reference page.
Jacobson, G.G. 1901. Chrysomelidae Sibiriae occidentalis. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 35 [1901–1902]: 73–102. BHL.
Jacobson, G.G. 1901. Symbola ad cognitionem Chrysomelidarum Rossicae asiaticae. Öjversigt al Finska Vetenkaps-Societetens Förhandlingar B 43 [1900–1901]: 99–147. BHL.
Lengerken, H. von 1913. Melasoma lapponicum L. und seine Formen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 57 [1912]: 123–130. BHL.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 371. Reference page.
Suffrian, E. 1858. [new taxa]. In: Rogers, F.W.: Uebersicht der in den Verein. Staaten von Nord-Amerika einheimischen Chrysomelen. Entomologische Zeitung (Stettin) 19: 381–400. BHL.
Weise, J. 1884. Chrysomelidae. Lieferung 3. Pp. 369–568. In: Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Erste Abteilung Coleoptera. Sechster Band. [1893]. Berlin: Nicolaische Verlags-Buchhandlung, xiv + 1161, 1 pl. [issued in parts]. BHL

Additional references

Kippenberg, H. 2010. Subfamily Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802. Pp. 390–443. In: Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (eds.) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. 924 pp. ISBN 978-87-88757-84-2. Google Books. Reference page.

Links

Chrysomela lapponica Taxon details on Fauna Europaea
ZooBank: act:5CA4B506-F03D-4854-8CB3-F898E2F7F31A
Chrysomela lapponica Linnaeus, 1758. Chrysomelidae - The Leaf Beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean Subregion (Checklist and Iconography).

The leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica is found in central and northern Europe feeding on leaves of willows and birch. The adult beetles are about 8 mm long and beetles in different regions can have different colour patterns on their elytra.

Colour forms and host plants

Beetles from different populations can be distinct in their biology, like coloration or behaviour. The larvae and adults from northern Europe (e.g. Finland, Sweden, Norway, Russia, and the Baltic states) feed and oviposit only on some willow species. The Central European populations, which are patchily distributed in Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, northern Italy and France, are mostly monophagous on birch.[1] Development of the insect is impaired if beetles are reared on their non-natural host, that is beetles from northern Europe are fed with birch leaves, or beetles from Central Europe with willow leaves.[2] The elytra colouration consists of red and black marks. Black marks predominate in the northern populations while in the central European population the colours red and black are about equally represented on the elytra. The darker forms heat up more quickly and might be an adaptation to the colder environment in northern Europe.[2]

Pest status

In the Kola Peninsula of north-west Russia, outbreaks of Chrysomela lapponica resulted in severe defoliation of the willow species Salix borealis in August 1993 and then again in 1994 and 1995. Studies showed that plants stressed by defoliation the previous year were less favourable for the development of the leaf beetles. Therefore, the decline of the outbreaks appears to be linked to the development of resistance in the willow hosts.[3][4]

Natural enemies

Like other insects, Chrysomela lapponica is attacked by a variety of natural enemies, mainly other types of insects which prey on or parasitize the larvae.[5][6] Chrysomela lapponica has developed defenses against such natural enemies. The larvae possess defensive glands filled with volatile compounds which deter attacking natural enemies and have antimicrobial activity. There are also differences in the chemical composition of these defensive compounds among geographically separated populations, apparently linked to the host plant the beetles feed on.[1][7] Although the defensive compounds are usually repellents, some natural enemies are actually attracted to them and use them to locate their prey or host. This has been shown for the predaceous hoverfly Parasyrphus nigritarsis[6][8] and the phorid fly Megaselia opacicornis.[9]
References

Gross, J. (1997). "Speziation beim Blattkäfer Chrysomela lapponica L.: Vergleichende Studien zu Chemischer Ökologie, Verhalten und Morphologie verschiedener Ontogenesestadien aus zwei allopatrischen Populationen [Speciation in the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica L.: Comparative studies in chemoecology, ethology and morphology of different stages of two allopatric populations]". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Neue Folge. 36: 125–142.
Gross, Jürgen; Schmolz, Erik; Hilker, Monika (2004). "Thermal adaptations of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to different climes of central and northern Europe" (PDF). Environmental Entomology. 33 (4): 799–806. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-33.4.799.
Zvereva, Elena L.; Kozlov, Mikhail V.; Niemelä, Pekka; Haukioja, Erkki (1997). "Delayed induced resistance and increase in leaf fluctuating asymmetry as responses of Salix borealis to insect herbivory". Oecologia. 109 (3): 368–373. doi:10.1007/s004420050095.
Zvereva, Elena L. (2002). "Effects of host plant quality on overwintering success of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" (PDF). European Journal of Entomology. 99 (2): 189–195. doi:10.14411/eje.2002.027.
Zvereva, Elena L.; Rank, N.E. (2003). "Host plant effects on parasitoid attack on the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica". Oecologia. 135 (2): 258–267. doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1184-9. PMID 12698348.
Gross, Jürgen; Fatouros, Nina E.; Neuvonen, Seppo; Hilker, Monika (2004). "The importance of specialist natural enemies for Chrysomela lapponica in pioneering a new host plant". Ecological Entomology. 29 (5): 584–593. doi:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00632.x.
Gross, Jürgen; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Hilker, Monika (2002). "Antimicrobial activity of exocrine glandular secretion of Chrysomela larvae". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (2): 317–331. doi:10.1023/A:1017934124650. PMID 11925070.
Köpf, Alfred; Rank, Nathan; Roininen, Heikki; Tahvanainen, Jorma (1997). "Defensive larval secretions of leaf beetles attract a specialist predator Parasyrphus nigritarsis". Ecological Entomology. 22 (2): 176–183. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1997.t01-1-00061.x.
Zvereva, Elena L.; Rank, N.E. (2004). "Fly parasitoid Megaselia opacicornis uses defensive secretions of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica to locate its host". Oecologia. 140 (3): 516–522. doi:10.1007/s00442-004-1602-7. PMID 15146325.