Metis (moon)

Metis (pronounced /ˈmiːtɨs/ MEE-təs, or as in Greek Μήτις), also known as Jupiter XVI, is the innermost moon of Jupiter. It was discovered in 1979 in images taken by Voyager 1, and was named in 1983 after the first wife of Zeus, Metis. Additional observations made between early 1996 and September 2003 by the Galileo spacecraft allowed the surface of the moon to be imaged.

Metis

Image of Metis was taken by Galileo's
solid state imaging system between
November 1996 and June 1997.

Discovery

Discovered by

S. Synnott

Discovered on

March 4, 1979

Orbital characteristics

Mean radius

127,691 km (0.000854 AU)

Eccentricity

0.0012

Periastron

127,540 km (0.000853 AU)

Apastron

127,840 km (0.000855 AU)

Revolution period

0.294780 d (7 h 4.5 min)

Orbital circumference

802,300 km (0.005 AU)

Orbital velocity

max: 31.539 km/s
mean: 31.501 km/s
min: 31.464 km/s

Inclination

2.22° (to the ecliptic)
0.00° (to Jupiter's equator)

Is a satellite of

Jupiter

Physical characteristics

Mean diameter

43 km

Surface area

~5800 km²

Volume

~41,600 km³

Mass

1.2×10¹⁷ kg

Mean density

3.0 g/cm³

Surface gravity

0.016 m/s² (0.002 g)

Escape velocity

0.027 km/s

Rotation period

synchronous

Rotation velocity

19 km/h

Axial tilt

zero

Albedo

0.06

Surface temp.

min	mean	max
K	~123 K	K

Atmospheric pressure

0 kPa

Metis is tidally locked to Jupiter, which led to a high asymmetry in the shape of the moon, with one of the diameters being almost twice as large as the smallest one. It is also one of the three moons in the Solar System known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day, the other two being Jupiter's Adrastea and Mars's Phobos. It orbits within the main ring of Jupiter, and is thought to be a major contributor of material to the rings.

Discovery and observations

Metis was discovered in 1979 by Stephen P. Synnott in images taken by the Voyager 1 probe and was provisionally designated as S/1979 J 3.[6][7] In 1983 it was officially named after the mythological Metis, a Titaness who was the first wife of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).[8] The photographs taken by Voyager 1 showed Metis only as a dot, and hence knowledge about Metis was very limited until the arrival of the Galileo spacecraft. Galileo imaged almost all of the surface of Metis and put constraints on its composition by 1998.[4]

Physical characteristics

Metis has an irregular shape and measures 60×40×34 km across, which makes it the second smallest of the four inner satellites of Jupiter.[4] The bulk composition and mass of Metis are not known, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³),[9] its mass can be estimated as ~3.6×1016 kg. Metis' density implies that that moon is composed of water ice with a porosity of 10–15%, and Adrastea may be similar.[9]

The surface of Metis is heavily cratered. It is dark and appears to be reddish in color. There is a substantial asymmetry between leading and trailing hemispheres: the leading hemisphere is 1.3 times brighter than the trailing one. The asymmetry is probably caused by the higher velocity and frequency of impacts on the leading hemisphere, which excavate a bright material (presumably ice) from the interior of the moon.[5]

Orbit

Metis is the innermost of Jupiter's four small inner moons. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~128,000 km (1.79 Jupiter radii) within the planet's main ring. Its orbit has very small eccentricity (~0.0002) and inclination (~ 0.06°) relative to the equator of Jupiter.[2][3]

Due to tidal locking, Metis rotates synchronously with its orbital period, keeping one face always looking toward the planet. Over long periods of time, this has forced Metis into its lowest energy configuration which is having the longest axis aligned towards Jupiter, .[3][4]

The orbit of Metis lies inside Jupiter's synchronous orbit radius (as does Adrastea's), and as a result, tidal forces are slowly causing its orbit to decay, so that it will one day impact into Jupiter. If its density is similar to Amalthea's then its orbit would actually lie within the fluid Roche limit. In any case, however, since it is not breaking up, it must still lie outside its rigid Roche limit.[3]

Relationship with Jupiter's rings

Metis's orbit lies ~1000 km within the main ring of Jupiter. It orbits within a ~500 km wide 'gap' or 'notch' in the ring.[3][10] The gap is clearly somehow related to the moon but the origin of this connection has not been established. Metis supplies a significant part of the main ring’s dust.[11] This material appears to consist primarily of material that is ejected from the surfaces of Jupiter's four small inner satellites by meteorite impacts. It is easy for the impact ejecta to be lost from the satellites into space because the satellites' surfaces lie fairly close to the edge of their Roche spheres due to their low density.[3]

See also

* Inner satellite
* Rings of Jupiter

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Calculated on the basis of other parameters
2. ^ a b c d e Evans, M.W.; Porco, C.C.; Hamilton, D.P. (2002). "The Orbits of Metis and Adrastea: The Origin and Significance of their Inclinations". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 34: 883. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002DPS....34.2403E.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Burns, J.A.; Simonelli, D.P.; Showalter, M.R.; Hamilton, D.P.; Porco, C.C.; Esposito, L.W.; Throop, H. (2004). "Jupiter’s Ring-Moon System". in Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T. E.; McKinnon, W. B.. Jupiter: The planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press. http://www.astro.umd.edu/~hamilton/research/preprints/BurSimSho03.pdf.
4. ^ a b c d e f Thomas, P.C.; Burns, J.A.; Rossier, L.; et al. (1998). "The Small Inner Satellites of Jupiter". ICARUS 135: 360–371. doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5976. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..135..360T.
5. ^ a b Simonelli, D.P.; Rossiery, L.; Thomas, P.C.; et al. (2000). "Leading/Trailing Albedo Asymmetries of Thebe, Amalthea, and Metis". ICARUS 147: 353–365. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6474. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Icar..147..353S.
6. ^ Brian G. Marsden (1980-08-26). "Satellites of Jupiter". IAU Circulars 3507. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/03500/03507.html. (discovery)
7. ^ Synnott, S.P. (1981). "1979J3: Discovery of a Previously Unknown Satellite of Jupiter". Science 212 (4501): 1392. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1392. PMID 17746259. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819810619%293212:4501%3c1392:1DOAPU%3e2.0.CO%3b2-X&origin=ads.
8. ^ Brian G. Marsden (1983-09-30). "Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn". IAU Circulars 3872. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/03800/03872.html. (naming the moon)
9. ^ a b Anderson, J.D.; Johnson, T.V.; Shubert, G.; et al. (2005). "Amalthea’s Density Is Less Than That of Water". Science 308 (5726): 1291–1293. doi:10.1126/science.1110422. PMID 15919987. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1291A.
10. ^ Ockert-Bel, M.E.; Burns, J.A.; Daubar, I.J.; et al. (1999). "The Structure of Jupiter’s Ring System as Revealed by the Galileo Imaging Experiment". ICARUS 138: 188–213. doi:10.1006/icar.1998.6072. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Icar..138..188O.
11. ^ Burns, J.A.; Showalter, M.R.; Hamilton, D.P.; et al. (1999). "The Formation of Jupiter's Faint Rings". Science 284 (5417): 1146–1150. doi:10.1126/science.284.5417.1146. PMID 10325220. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...284.1146B.

Jupiter's natural satellites